scholarly journals Preliminary Validation of the Questionnaire on Behavioral Strategies in Intercultural Conflict

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-506
Author(s):  
Anastasia A. Batkhina
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Competence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Intercultural Conflict ◽  
Cultural Heterogeneity ◽  
Preliminary Validation ◽  
Intercultural Conflicts

Globalization, forced and voluntary migration, as well as the development of international relations result in increased cultural heterogeneity and, accordingly, increased frequency of intercultural contacts. Unfortunately, the massive clash of different cultures, ethnic groups and confessions is often accompanied by the emergence of cultural misunderstandings, prejudices and conflicts. From the point of view of scientific knowledge, intercultural conflict is a relatively new and poorly studied subject of psychology, which includes the need to create new tools for studying this kind of conflict. The article presents the results of the development and preliminary validation of The Questionnaire on Behavioral Strategies in Intercultural Conflict based on a motivational model for choosing a behavioral strategy. The development of the questionnaire took place in several stages and included a qualitative and quantitative methodology. The methodology was validated on a Russian sample (N = 256). The obtained results of approbation indicate rather high psychometric characteristics of the method as a research tool. The developed questionnaire describes behavior consistent with seven strategies: collaborating, competing, avoiding, accommodating, teaching norms, expressing negative emotions, and searching a third party. The questionnaire can be used by various specialists for the prevention and settlement of intercultural conflicts, when conducting trainings on ethnic tolerance and intercultural competence and communication, when developing recommendations for state and non-profit organizations dealing with the problems of interethnic relations, adaptation of refugees and migrants.

Intercultural Conflict and Experiences of International Students in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-213
Author(s):  
Abdulatif Hajjismael Ahmed ◽  
Osman Alfahim Osman Hamed ◽  
Svetla Gocheva
Keyword(s):  
International Students ◽  
Intercultural Competence ◽  
Communication Style ◽  
Intercultural Conflict ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Intercultural Awareness ◽  
Phenomenological Research Design ◽  
Intercultural Conflicts ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Depth Interviews

AbstractConflict is a part of daily life and it can occur for many reasons. In an intercultural environment, both international and local people can face conflict due to their interactions. Even though there has been an exponential increase in the growth of international students in Turkey in recent years, little is known about their experiences in the realm of intercultural conflicts. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of intercultural conflicts among international students at Anadolu University. In particular, the study sought to examine possible intercultural conflicts this group of students might experience, international students’ intercultural awareness, the major sources of the intercultural conflict and how the international students cope with intercultural conflict. A qualitative research method with phenomenological research design was utilized and semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to gather data. The analysis of the study was organized into six themes, namely: awareness, approach, experience, communication style, worldview change, and coping strategy. Except for the last theme, the obtained data aligned with the literature. Findings revealed that the international students experienced intercultural conflicts mainly due to lack of intercultural competence. Based on these findings, recommendations for future studies were suggested.

scholarly journals Creation of Technical Conditions for Use or Infringement – The Meanders of the Warehouse Keeper’s Liability in Light of CJEU Judgment C-567/18 Coty Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-282
Author(s):  
Krystyna Szczepanowska-Kozłowska
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Property Right ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Law ◽  
Trademark Use

AbstractOne form of industrial property right infringement is stocking for the purpose of offering or marketing. This form of infringement appears both in EU legal acts on trademarks or designs, as well as in national regulations, including those concerning patents. What is specific to stocking when compared to other activities comprising the stipulated exclusivity of the holder of industrial property rights is the fact that the literal meaning of “stocking” does not explain whether the infringing party or the warehouse keeper is the entity that places the goods in storage. The structure of industrial property rights as absolute rights would theoretically permit the view that the law is violated by both the entity that accepts the goods for storage and the entity that places such goods in storage. To determine if there is an infringement, it must be established what the goods being stocked are further intended for. It is not without significance that the finding of an infringement of industrial property rights does not depend on fault or awareness. From the point of view of the industrial property law regime, it is difficult to find arguments against this understanding of infringement by stocking. Since the offeror of goods infringing industrial property rights may be held liable even if the goods have not yet been manufactured, it is conceivable that the entity accepting such goods for stocking is also liable. This interpretation of the concept of stocking would certainly correspond to the absolute nature of liability for infringement.In a recent judgment the CJEU confirmed that the warehouse keeper who, on behalf of a third party, stores goods which infringe trademark rights only creates the technical conditions for trademark use by this third party provided that the warehouse keeper is not aware of that infringement. The CJEU also confirmed that only the person who decides about the purpose of storing the goods can be treated as an infringer. However, the CJEU did not respond to the question regarding whether the warehouse keeper could be treated as an infringer if it pursues the aims of storing the goods at the request of the entity that put the goods into storage.

scholarly journals Reinsurance of Third Party Motor Insurance and Motor Insurance in Finland

1962 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teivo Pentikäinen
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Lump Sum ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Physical Injuries ◽  
Insurance Cover ◽  
Motor Insurance ◽  
Full Compensation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Risk Limits

The need and extent of reinsurance of third party motor insurance depends fundamentally on the risk limits prescribed in the legislation of the country in question (and on the other hand the legal limits of the compulsory insurance may have been fixed with regard to the reasonable possibilities of the insurers getting reinsurance). There are two kinds of risk limits which are applied in different countries: total limits and individual limits. The former defines the maximum joint indemnity for an accident, paid to all claiments together, and the latter defines the maximum indemnity paid to each claiment separately. From the social point of view limits of this sort are not expedient, especially in regard to physical injuries. Owing to this total limit the indemnity for a single claiment can depend on the number of other claiments, which is quite inadequate from the point of view of the actual need to get insurance cover for injuries. The individual lump sum limit allows full compensation for slight injuries but can cut down the compensation for serious ones, which is an irrational method of settling an indemnity system. Owing to these risk limits motor car drivers may also be held responsible for the extra claims personally on the basis of civil (or criminal) law, which compels them to take an extra third party liability insurance (which often also has risk limits).

scholarly journals Tax Law: Third Party As Payer of Income from Dependent Activity

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-161
Author(s):  
Jana Tepperová ◽  
Lucie Rytířová
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Specific Tax ◽  
Collection Point

Abstract Employment related income paid by a third party (non-employer) has its specific tax treatment. In the Czech Republic, a different approach applies for calculation of personal income tax and obligatory insurance contributions from this income. With the preparation of the Single Collection Point (unifying the collection of personal income tax and obligatory insurance contributions), the question arises whether it is possible to set up unified treatment of this income for all obligatory payments. We provide detailed analyses of this topic from the point of view of the Czech legislation and comparison with selected countries. Further we follow with the discussion of problematic issues in unified treatment for all obligatory payments from this income; such as discrimination and complicated administration. We conclude that even if the national legislation for all obligatory payments from this income would not diff er, there will still be different treatment due to specific international regulations.

Didactic dimensions of intercultural literature

Proglas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Hubenova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Competence ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Literary Scholarship ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Intercultural Literature

Intercultural literary studies in the field of literary scholarship represent a research perspective with a specific theoretical and methodological profile, which is based on two prerequisites: 1) cultural differences can be important in the study and perception of literature, and 2) literature and its reception can reveal these relative differences. In this way culture is interpreted as a category of differentiation, but also as a productive source of exchange, contact, dissemination and integration. Intercultural literary research focuses on specific issues concerning the creation and perception of the literary text, as well as the didactic and methodological aspects of acquiring intercultural competence through it. Literary texts lead, on one hand, to enrichment, curiosity and excitement in students, and, on the other, to the diversification of methodological techniques in foreign language teaching. Literary texts can motivate students and foster their personal development through new methods that not only encourage them to speak, but also inform them about the culturally specific point of view, through the content of the text.

scholarly journals Attention to Diversity in Compulsory Secondary Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1176-1185
Author(s):  
Elia Vázquez Varela ◽  
Iago Portela Pino ◽  
Víctor Domínguez Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Attention To Diversity ◽  
Didactic Planning

The attention to pupil diversity is still considered one of the main issues to solve in the current educational system. The objective of the study was to establish and analyze the differences between the knowledge and the use of ordinary and extraordinary measures in the attention to diversity from the point of view of compulsory secondary education teachers. A descriptive study was performed with a quantitative methodology, making use of a 452-teacher sample (Mean: 47, Standard Deviation: 8.42) using a survey. The results show a better understanding and frequency of use of the ordinary measures compared to the extraordinary ones. Results also maintain that among the most used we found the adequacy of the didactic planning as well as the support of the therapeutic pedagogy and language and auditory specialist. Moreover, the analysis reveals that the CMOEAD (ordinary and extraordinary measures for the attention to diversity) survey possesses psychometric properties which support its use in further studies. In conclusion, a better knowledge and use of ordinary and extraordinary measures in attention to diversity enables a forward leap in the quality and equity for pupils.

scholarly journals PRE-SERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION AND COMPREHENSION OF DIDACTIC CONCEPTS. AN EXPERIENCE WITHIN THE MASTER OF SECONDARY EDUCATION TEACHERS

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-18
Author(s):  
Vicente Carrasco-Embuena ◽  
Maria Hernández-Amorós
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Pre Service Teacher Education ◽  
The University ◽  
Pre Service Teacher ◽  
Academic Year

The main purpose of the research was to figure out which was the level of comprehension of the didactic concepts that the students of the Secondary Education Master of the University of Alicante of the academic year 2011/12 had. With this purpose, we have collected the information provided by the answers of 227 students to an ad-hoc-elaborated semi-structured questionnaire whose data have been treated with a quantitative methodology using the SPSS.19 device. The statistic techniques were descriptive, differential and correlational. In this analysis, we take into account the scores obtained by students in variables related to their learning process and their attitudes towards it. The most interesting results prove that the students don’t master the basic didactic concepts in a satisfactory way, there are differences between the levels of comprehension and other variables related to the learning of the concepts and with attitudinal variables of this learning. The research based on these results indicates the need to focus the teaching and learning processes of the Master from a different point of view and combining the strategies which enhance the understanding of these concepts by the students. Key words: concept comprehension, didactic training, pre-service teacher education, Secondary Education Master.

scholarly journals Legal Regalements of E-Signature

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (39) ◽  
pp. 98-127
Author(s):  
Tea Edisherashvili
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Safe Environment ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gradual Disappearance ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Technical Safety

AbstractThe development of informative technologies, including that of the Internet, has significantly changed the human’s life. The largest portion of civil turnover has been encompassed by e-commerce. This latter is being executed through e-contracts. The e-contract from the doctrinal point of view is considered as dealt and the existence of e-signature is an essential component of its authentication, which in its turn determines the issue of existence-absence of written form. The present article is related to the issues of legal status, technical safety and reliable environment of application of e-signature. The necessity of applying the legal instrument was conditioned by the necessity of gradual disappearance of paper-based operations’ execution practice. The application of e-document turnover is justified only in case if the authentication of the document and the signature placed on it has been followed and all this has been acknowledged by the third party. Despite the various models of e-signature, for all of them, it is important to have a reliable and safe environment, for guaranteeing the safety and signer’s identity. The article shows the issues related to legal governing of e-signature according to the legislation of Georgia, also Russian Federation, Continental Europe, Common Court member states, as well as directives and guidelines developed by international organizations.

scholarly journals Strategies of behavior in conflict as indicators of satisfaction with the professional activity of university teachers

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Karina F. Mirakyan ◽  
Alexander A. Karpov
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Education System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
University Teachers ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
The Third ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction

The realities of the time require the teacher to quickly respond to changes taking place in the education system, the dynamism of transformations increases, and it can contribute to increasing mental tension, in general, and increasing conflict tension, in particular. All this leads to an increasing interest in the psychology of pedagogical conflicts, both from the point of view of phenomenology and structure, and from the point of view of their influence on satisfaction with professional and pedagogical activity. The article presents the results of an empirical study to identify the specifics of correlations of strategies of behavior in conflicts and the level of satisfaction with the professional activities of university teachers, taking into account the stages of professionalization. The provisions on strengthening the influence of the role of behavioral strategies in conflicts in the assessment of professional satisfaction at the third and fourth stages of professionalization are formulated.

scholarly journals Ethnic Stereotypes in Intercultural Communication: Psychological and Semantic Aspects

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 977-989
Author(s):  
Alexey L. Novikov ◽  
Irina A. Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Intercultural Competence ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethnic Stereotypes ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One

Currently, ethnic stereotypes are considered as phenomena that mediate the processes of intercultural perception, dialogue and interaction. This fact determines the relevance of it comprehensive interdisciplinary study by different sciences (sociology, political science, psychology, linguistics, etc.). In this article, ethnic stereotypes are analyzed, firstly, at the psychological level (types, functions, structure), and secondly, at the psycholinguistic and psychosemantic levels (from the point of view of the rationale for it diagnosis with using the semantic differential). The possibilities of the semantic differential for studying the content, consistency, direction and intensity of social stereotypes in general, as well as the method modifications for diagnosis ethnic stereotypes, are examined. The heuristic potential of semantic differential for diagnosing ethnic stereotypes as phenomena, on the one hand, reflecting various aspects of intercultural perception and dialogue, and, on the other hand, directly affecting the intercultural interaction, is shown on the example of empirical studies on ethnic stereotypes in the intercultural communication context. The results of ethnic stereotypes studies are of high practical importance for the development of programs for increase intercultural competence, which are in demand in various areas of modern society in the face of e globalization and the growth of intercultural contacts (education, business, tourism, etc.).

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