Análisis de la inclusión económica de los jóvenes al Mercado laboral en ecuador en el periodo 2009 al 2019

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la inclusión económica juvenil en el mercado laboral del Ecuador en el periodo 2009 al 2019, tomando como referencia información de fuentes secundarias, correspondientes a la recopilación de evidencias investigativas como la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), el Ministerio de Trabajo, el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC), entre otras revisiones bibliográficas enfocadas en la situación real que atraviesan la mayoría de los jóvenes en el país, en base a los resultados obtenidos se establecen los factores más relevantes que determinan la empleabilidad, como son la educación, la oferta y demanda laboral, las condiciones socio-económicas, instituciones labores, entre otros que como consecuencia, ha disminuido el pleno empleo, el subempleo y por lo contrario el desempleo ha aumentado. This article aims to analyze youth economic inclusion in the Ecuadorian labor market in the period 2009 to 2019, taking as reference information from secondary sources, corresponding to the compilation of investigative evidence such as the International Labor Organization (ILO), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the Ministry of Labor, the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC), among other bibliographic reviews focused on the real situation that the majority of young people in the country go through, based on the results obtained establish the most relevant factors that determine employability, such as education, labor supply and demand, socio-economic conditions, labor institutions, among others, which as a consequence, has decreased full employment, underemployment and on the contrary, unemployment has increased.

THE USE OF PRISONER LABOR IN THE ECONOMY OF ALTAI KRAI (1953-1965)

With the help of forced labor of those convicted of crimes, the development of sparsely populated areas (including Altai Krai) took place, both in our country and abroad. Severe sanitary conditions and low motivation reduced the prisoners’ productivity. In Soviet times, since the beginning of industrialization and mass repression, the special contingent was actively used as a labor force. After the change of power in the USSR, since 1953, repressive measures against its citizens have been reduced. In turn, the number of convicts decreases, as well as the number of correctional labor institutions, but the practice of using prisoners’ labor in the economy of Altai Krai persisted. People who were in the places of detention worked at various enterprises, making their contribution to the growth of material well-being, both in the region and in the country as a whole.

Improving public policy in the field of human resources reproduction as a regional sustainable development factor

The article explores demographic problems, such as birth rate decrease, high rate of mortality and structural unemployment in the RF regions through the example of a typical industrial territory - the Sverdlovsk region. The vital rate trends in the Sverdlovsk region are analyzed, where, since 2016, the growing population decline, demographic ageing and shrinking numbers of the economically active population have been observed. The reasons of the current demographic situation in the country and regions, having ample evidence of depopulation, are considered. Providing a simple population replacement mode, addressing social and demographic problems, necessary to increase human resources reproduction efficiency, are essential for the sustainable development of the regional economy. However, this can only be achieved through public administration system improvement and modern technologies implementation. It is proposed to increase the efficiency of interdepartmental interaction between healthcare, educational and labor institutions, which focus at birth rate increase, health improvement, education development, full population employment and provision of economic entities with qualified workforce. In addition, a set of measures is developed to combat depopulation and to improve human resources reproduction policy at the national and regional levels to provide for sustainable development.

Digital unionism as a renewal strategy? Social media use by trade union confederations

Traditional actors such as trade unions are inevitably challenged by digital technologies, not only from the perspective of labor relations, but also in relation to outreach and communications strategies. In fact, as online and offline realities become increasingly intertwined, the presence of organized labor institutions within the Internet’s current networked environment is unavoidable. This article debates digital trade unionism as a strategy for trade union renewal, particularly the implications of using social media platforms to connect and interact with a broader audience beyond the labor movement. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis of the Facebook pages of six trade union confederations from Brazil, Canada, Portugal, and the UK, we find that despite the possibilities for horizontal dialogue enabled by the new digital communication and information technologies, trade union confederations maintain an outdated ‘one-way’ model of communication, hindering opportunities to reach and engage with both union and non-union actors.

Pro-Labor Institutions and Corporate Employment Efficiency

We examine how labor-friendly institutional features (i.e., laborism) relate to corporate investment efficiency in labor in a sample of firms from 33 countries over 1996–2012. We consider three dimensions of laborism—the presence of a left-leaning government, rigidity of employee protection laws, and collectivist culture. Our evidence shows that firms operating in stronger laborism countries make less efficient labor investment decisions, which is consistent with higher labor adjustment costs associated with laborism.

The Global Diffusion of Supply Chain Codes of Conduct: Market, Nonmarket, and Time-Dependent Effects

Why and how have supply chain codes of conduct diffused among lead firms around the globe? Prior research has drawn on both institutional and stakeholder theories to explain the adoption of codes, but no study has modeled adoption as a temporally dynamic process of diffusion. We propose that the drivers of adoption shift over time, from exclusively nonmarket to eventually market-based mechanisms as well. In an analysis of an original data set of more than 1,800 firms between the years 2006 and 2015, we find that strong nonmarket labor institutions in a firm’s home country are critical to initiating and sustaining the diffusion process. Market mechanisms, such as investor scrutiny and brand risk, emerge as important later. Contrary to prior research, we did not find a significant effect from nongovernmental organization (NGO) pressure. We conclude that markets for corporate social responsibility can and do arise, but only after they are effectuated by nonmarket institutions.