Structural basis for the recognition of muramyltripeptide byHelicobacter pyloriCsd4, aD,L-carboxypeptidase controlling the helical cell shape
Helicobacter pyloriinfection causes a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, including peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Its colonization of the gastric mucosa of the human stomach is a prerequisite for survival in the stomach. Colonization depends on its motility, which is facilitated by the helical shape of the bacterium. InH. pylori, cross-linking relaxation or trimming of peptidoglycan muropeptides affects the helical cell shape. Csd4 has been identified as one of the cell shape-determining peptidoglycan hydrolases inH. pylori. It is a Zn2+-dependent D,L-carboxypeptidase that cleaves the bond between the γ-D-Glu and themDAP of the non-cross-linked muramyltripeptide (muramyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-mDAP) of the peptidoglycan to produce the muramyldipeptide (muramyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu) andmDAP. Here, the crystal structure ofH. pyloriCsd4 (HP1075 in strain 26695) is reported in three different states: the ligand-unbound form, the substrate-bound form and the product-bound form.H. pyloriCsd4 consists of three domains: an N-terminal D,L-carboxypeptidase domain with a typical carboxypeptidase fold, a central β-barrel domain with a novel fold and a C-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain. The D,L-carboxypeptidase domain recognizes the substrate by interacting primarily with the terminalmDAP moiety of the muramyltripeptide. It undergoes a significant structural change upon binding eithermDAP or themDAP-containing muramyltripeptide. It it also shown that Csd5, another cell-shape determinant inH. pylori, is capable of interacting not only withH. pyloriCsd4 but also with the dipeptide product of the reaction catalyzed by Csd4.