Formação do engenheiro: O conceito de vetor no programa curricular de um curso de engenharia civilEngineer training: the vector concept in the curricular program of a civil engineering undergraduate course

ResumoEsta escrita tem a pretensão de responder o seguinte problema: em quais disciplinas e de que forma o Conceito Vetor é mobilizado no Programa Curricular de um Curso de Engenharia Civil? Para tanto, iremos utilizar como instrumentos de análise o Projeto Pedagógico do Curso de Engenharia Civil e Planos de Ensino de disciplinas selecionadas. A teoria que sustenta esta escrita é, principalmente, a Teoria da Atividade de Leontiev (1978). O percurso metodológico utilizado é a Análise Textual Discursiva de Moraes e Galiazzi (2016), a partir da qual constituímos a seguinte unidade de análise “O Conceito Vetor no PPC do Curso de Engenharia Civil”, com a respectiva categoria e proposição “Identificação do Conceito Vetor nas ementas e conteúdos programáticos das disciplinas” e “Força, conceito mobilizador do Conceito Vetor”. Sendo assim, podemos dizer que a forma como o conceito vetor é mobilizado nas disciplinas que constituem o PPC do curso de Engenharia Civil, depende do contexto em que está sendo considerado, no contexto matemático vetor é tratado como um vetor livre, no contexto da física ou das disciplinas específicas, vetor é mobilizado por meio da grandeza vetorial força ou então em cálculos envolvendo equações vetoriais, e que podem ser divididos em dois tipos, em vetor fixo e vetor deslizante.Palavras-chave: Conceito Força, Formação Profissional do Engenheiro Civil, Teoria da Atividade de Leontiev.AbstractThis study aims to answer the following question: in which subjects and how is the vector concept used in the curricular programme of a civil engineering undergraduate course? For this purpose, we will use both the pedagogical project of the civil engineering undergraduate course and the teaching plans of the selected subjects as analytical tools. The theory that supports this writing is mainly Leontiev’s theory of activity (1978). The methodology used is the textual discursive analysis of Moraes and Galiazzi (2016), from which we constitute the following unit of analysis “The Vector Concept in the Pedagogical Project of the Civil Engineering Undergraduate Course”, with the respective category and proposition: “Concept Identification Vector in the syllabus of the subjects” and “Strength, mobilising concept of the Vector Concept”. Therefore, we can say that the way the vector concept is mobilised in the subjects that constitute the Curricular Pedagogical Project of the Civil Engineering undergraduate course depends on the context in which it is being considered. In the mathematical field the vector is treated as a free vector, in the physics field or in the specific disciplines the vector is mobilised by means of the vector quantity strength, or even in calculations involving vector equations, which can be divided into two types, namely both fixed vector and sliding vector.Keywords: Strength concept, Professional education of the civil engineer, Activity theory of Leontiev.ResumenEste escrito tiene la pretensión de responder al siguiente problema: ¿en cuales disciplinas y de que forma el concepto de vector es movilizado en el programa curricular de un curso de ingeniería civil? Para ello, vamos a utilizar como instrumento de análisis el proyecto pedagógico del curso de ingeniería civil y planes de enseñanza de las disciplinas seleccionadas. La teoría que sustenta el escrito es, principalmente, la teoría de la actividad de Leontiev (1978). El recurso metodológico utilizado es el análisis textual discursivo de Moraes y Galiazzi (2016), a partir de la cual constituimos la siguiente unidad de análisis “El concepto de vector en el PPC del curso de ingeniería civil”, con la respectiva categoría y proposición “Identificación del concepto de vector en los resúmenes y contenidos programáticos de las disciplinas” e “Fuerza, concepto movilizador del concepto de vector”. Por lo tanto, podemos decir que la forma en que se moviliza el concepto de vector en las disciplinas que constituyen el PPC de la carrera de ingeniería civil, depende del contexto en el que se esté considerando. En el contexto matemático, el vector se trata como un vector libre, en el contexto de la física o de las asignaturas específicas, el vector se moviliza mediante la cantidad vectorial fuerza o bien en cálculos que involucran ecuaciones vectoriales, que pueden dividirse en dos tipos, vector fijo y vector deslizante.Palabras clave: Concepto fuerza, Formación profesional del ingeniero civil, Teoría de la actividad de Leontiev.

Passive Source Localization Using Acoustic Intensity in Multipath-Dominant Shallow-Water Waveguide

The array invariant technique has been recently proposed for passive source localization in the ocean. It has successfully estimated the source–receiver horizontal range in multipath-dominant shallow-water waveguides. However, it requires a relatively large-scale hydrophone array. This study proposes an array invariant method that uses acoustic intensity, which is a vector quantity that has the same direction as the sound wave propagating through a water medium. This method can be used to estimate not only the source–receiver horizontal range, but also the azimuth to an acoustic source. The feasibility of using a vector quantity for the array invariant method is examined through a simulation and an acoustic experiment in which particle velocity signals are obtained using a finite difference approximation of the pressure signals at two adjacent points. The source localization results estimated using acoustic intensity are compared with those obtained from beamforming of the acoustic signals acquired by the vertical line array.

Directional hearing in insects: biophysical, physiological and ecological challenges

ABSTRACTSound localisation is a fundamental attribute of the way that animals perceive their external world. It enables them to locate mates or prey, determine the direction from which a predator is approaching and initiate adaptive behaviours. Evidence from different biological disciplines that has accumulated over the last two decades indicates how small insects with body sizes much smaller than the wavelength of the sound of interest achieve a localisation performance that is similar to that of mammals. This Review starts by describing the distinction between tympanal ears (as in grasshoppers, crickets, cicadas, moths or mantids) and flagellar ears (specifically antennae in mosquitoes and fruit flies). The challenges faced by insects when receiving directional cues differ depending on whether they have tympanal or flagellar years, because the latter respond to the particle velocity component (a vector quantity) of the sound field, whereas the former respond to the pressure component (a scalar quantity). Insects have evolved sophisticated biophysical solutions to meet these challenges, which provide binaural cues for directional hearing. The physiological challenge is to reliably encode these cues in the neuronal activity of the afferent auditory system, a non-trivial problem in particular for those insect systems composed of only few nerve cells which exhibit a considerable amount of intrinsic and extrinsic response variability. To provide an integrative view of directional hearing, I complement the description of these biophysical and physiological solutions by presenting findings on localisation in real-world situations, including evidence for localisation in the vertical plane.

Design and Implementation of a 3-Dimensional Attitudes Estimator Device using Low Cost Accelerometer & Gyroscope with Microcontroller IDE

Navigation and guidance systems for most automobile as well as aerospace applications require a coupled chip setup known as Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) which, depending on the degree of freedoms, contains a Gyroscope (for maintaining orientation and angular velocity), Accelerometers (to determine acceleration in the respective direction) and a Magnetometer (to determine the respective magnetic fields). In the three-dimensional space, any required rotation analysis is limited to the coordinate systems and all subtended angles in either direction must be defined by a fixed axis to effectively estimate the stability and to define all the attitude estimates needed to compile different rotations and orientations. The Quaternions are mathematical notations used for defining rotations and orientation in three-dimensional space. The simplest terms Quaternions are impossible to visualize in a three-dimensional space; the first three terms will be identical to the coordinate system, but through Quaternions another vector quantity is added into the equations, which may in fact underline how we can account for all rotational quantities. The fundamental analysis of these components different applications for various fields is proposed.

POWER AS A THEORETICAL-LITERARY CATEGORY (IN THE POETRY OF ALEKSEI PARSHCHIKOV)

The author of the article proposes to introduce into active scientific circulation the theoretical and literary category of power, the effect of which he reveals following the poetry of Alexei Parshchikov (1954–2009). The research is based on the works on energy in a work of art by L. Vygotsky, A. Losev and other scientists. The author of the article considers power to be a special literarytheoretic category, correlating with energy as a particular and general. The power in a lyric work is a theoretical and literary category determining the relationship between the objects and phenomena and directing them to a metaphysical continuum, close to an incomprehensible absence. As a category, power permeates all levels of the work – subject-object, chronotopic, compositional, lexical, intonational-syntactic and others. As a vector quantity, it directs the lyrical plot, develops the motive field forward and upward, creating a painful metamorphosis for the subject / object, leading to silence as a blissful time-space. Form (tense or rarefied rhythm, change in the lyrical plot) and content (depiction of earthly existence), developing in opposite directions, neutralize each other. The presence of the verbal motive “power” is the dominant, and not a constant of the “work about power”, the word “power” can be replaced by contextual synonyms (“stream”, “abyss” etc.) or absent (“Hedgehog”, “Coal Elegy”).

Tuning PID Controller Parameters to avoid the Effect of Integrator Wind-up by using The Experimental-based Heuristic Approach

Dc motor is widely used as actuator in industry and robotics. In this experiment a dc motor is used as an Omni wheel actuator on Omni-directional 3WD robot. In order for the movement of the robot to follow the specified vector quantity, then the speed of the wheels connected in each motor shaft must persist at each set of points that have been determined. For these needs then, every dc motor must be controlled the number of revolutions. One of the problems with implementing a PID controller is the possibility of a wind-up integrator effect that causes the system to be unable to follow the command behavior. The purpose of this study was to obtain PID controller parameters in such a way as to avoid the effects of wind-up integrators and achieve the best system response performance using an experimental based heuristic approach. The results of this study show that the wheel spin is able to follow various reference speeds with settling time and steady state error at about 1.1s and 0.648%

Electromagnetic Theory

The theory of light is described by Maxwell’s Equationsand they provide information about the fundamental properties of light. The wave equation is contained within Maxwell’s equations and proof is provided but is an example of a topic that can be skipped. The electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave of both the electric and magnetic field which are also mutually perpendicular. We discuss some of the differences between classical and quantum theory of light but restrict the use of classical wave theory in this text. The classical electromagnetic wave has a momentum that has led to the development of optical twezzers of great use in biological motors. Because the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave is a vector quantity we introduce the concept of polarization to describe the vector properties. We will need the capability in our discussion of reflection.

Relationship Between a Vector Differential and the Corresponding Scalar Differential in Physics

In physics, a differential is an infinitesimal change in or amount of some quantity. For example, [Formula: see text] is a small change in linear momentum, and [Formula: see text] is a small amount of mass. Ratios of differentials become derivatives, while Riemann sums of differentials become integrals. Given some vector quantity X, what is the relationship between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] according to the standard conventions of introductory physics? Surprisingly, there are two distinct answers, depending on exactly what quantity X happens to be. The distinction is illustrated here with specific examples. After discussing this ambiguity in some detail, some recommendations to physics instructors and textbook authors are preferred. Although not everyone will agree with these conclusions and suggestions, this article provides a starting point for further deliberations.

Definitions of vortex vector and vortex

Although the vortex is ubiquitous in nature, its definition is somewhat ambiguous in the field of fluid dynamics. In this absence of a rigorous mathematical definition, considerable confusion appears to exist in visualizing and understanding the coherent vortical structures in turbulence. Cited in the previous studies, a vortex cannot be fully described by vorticity, and vorticity should be further decomposed into a rotational and a non-rotational part to represent the rotation and the shear, respectively. In this paper, we introduce several new concepts, including local fluid rotation at a point and the direction of the local fluid rotation axis. The direction and the strength of local fluid rotation are examined by investigating the kinematics of the fluid element in two- and three-dimensional flows. A new vector quantity, which is called the vortex vector in this paper, is defined to describe the local fluid rotation and it is the rotational part of the vorticity. This can be understood as that the direction of the vortex vector is equivalent to the direction of the local fluid rotation axis, and the magnitude of vortex vector is the strength of the location fluid rotation. With these new revelations, a vortex is defined as a connected region where the vortex vector is not zero. In addition, through direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES) examples, it is demonstrated that the newly defined vortex vector can fully describe the complex vertical structures of turbulence.