scholarly journals Evaluation of Rice Irrigation Regimes Under the Condition of Kyzylorda Oblast of Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-168
Author(s):  
S. Koshkarov ◽  
P. Bulanbayeva ◽  
B. Shayanbekova
Keyword(s):  
Saline Soil ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Layer Depth ◽  
Rice Irrigation ◽  
Moderate Salinity ◽  
Continental Climate ◽  
Growing Region ◽  
Syr Darya ◽  
Irrigated Soils

Kyzylorda region is the main rice-growing region of Kazakhstan. Here are cultivated around 80-85% of crops of this culture of its total area. There were disbursed, mainly, old staled and new earth, characterized by the low, rarely moderate salinity. Keeping up 12-15 cm layer of water in a rice draught in the post-tilling to waxen ripeness does not provide a favorable thermal and saline soil and water regimes. Temperature regime of water in a rice draught is determined by climatic conditions of the region and the depth of water on crops. In conditions of extreme continental climate of Syr-Darya water layer at a depth of 12-15 cm in the water warms up the draught 31,0 - 32,5°C, which negatively affects the growth and development of rice plants and its yield. Favorable thermal regime of water is observed at a depth of 17-22 cm, and here we have the necessary salt regime of irrigated soils. Therefore, maintaining the draught in paddy water layer depth of 17-22 cm provides favorable salt and thermal regimes of water and soil.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the ice cap on King George Island, Antarctica: field measurements and numerical simulations

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (55) ◽  
pp. 80-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rückamp ◽  
Norbert Blindow ◽  
Sonja Suckro ◽  
Matthias Braun ◽  
Angelika Humbert
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
King George Island ◽  
Differential Gps ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Mean Annual Air Temperature

AbstractKing George Island is located at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, which is influenced by maritime climate conditions. The observed mean annual air temperature at sea level is –2.4˚C. Thus, the ice cap is regarded as sensitive to changing climatic conditions. Ground-penetrating radar surveys indicate a partly temperate ice cap with an extended water layer at the firn/ice transition of the up to 700 m high ice cap. Measured firn temperatures are close to 0˚C at the higher elevations, and they differ considerably from the measured mean annual air temperature. The aim of this paper is to present ice-flow dynamics by means of observations and simulations of the flow velocities. During several field campaigns from 1997/98 to 2008/09, ice surface velocities were derived with repeated differential GPS measurements. Ice velocities vary from 0.7 m a−1 at the dome to 112.1 m a−1 along steep slopes. For the western part of the ice cap a three-dimensional diagnostic full-Stokes model was applied to calculate ice flow. Parameters of the numerical model were identified with respect to measured ice surface velocities. The simulations indicate cold ice at higher elevations, while temperate ice at lower elevations is consistent with the observations.

Free Convection Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Melt Water Layer

1980 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 550-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin-Chao Yen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Temperature Profile ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Melting Rate ◽  
Rate Measurement ◽  
Heat Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Layer Depth ◽  
Onset Of Convection ◽  
Transfer Characteristics

An experimental study was conducted on the formation of a water layer containing a maximum density, its effect on the onset of convection, and the heat transfer characteristics of such a system. This water layer was formed by one-dimensional melting (either from below or above) of a cylinder of bubble-free ice. For melting from above, with a melting rate measurement, the warm plate temperature Th varied from 4.16 to 13.09°C with initial ice temperatures T0 of −6.5 and −13°C, respectively. For experiments with a measurement of temperature profile, Th varied from 11.75 to 39.90°C with T0 at −12 and −15°C. For melting from below with a melting rate measurement, Th ranged from 7.70 to 25.50°C with four T0’s from −4.8 to −22°C. The layer depth at the onset of convection was determined by locating the inflection point on the water layer depth versus time curve, and was compared with layer depth calculated from a linear stability analysis of an identical problem. The results were compared with the analytical work of Veronis and were found to be in excellent agreement. Formation of a constant temperature layer was observed by measuring the water temperature distribution as melting progressed. The constant temperature was found to be dependent on Th for melting from below but was a constant for melting from above. The heat flux to the melting surface increased linearly with Th for melting from below, but had a weaker dependence for melting from above. Non-dimensional mean temperature profiles of the water layer were found to be in good agreement with those by Adrian for melting from above. In the case of melting from below, the mean temperature profile also fell into a single line with a somewhat higher value in the convection layer.

scholarly journals Effect of different tillage intensity on yields and yield-forming factors in winter wheat

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Martin Houšť ◽  
Blanka Procházková ◽  
Pavel Hledík
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Preceding Crop ◽  
The Given ◽  
Direct Sowing ◽  
Growing Region

The paper presents results of a study on application of minimum tillage technologies when growing winter wheat. Experiments were performed in the sugar-beet-growing region with loamy chernozem within the period of 2005–2009. Aanalysed and evaluated were effects of different methods of soil processing on yield-forming factors in stands of winter wheat grown after three different preceding crops (i.e. alfalfa, maize for silage and pea). Evaluated were the following four variants of tillage: (1) conventional ploughing to the depth of 0.22 m (Variant 1); (2) ploughing to the depth of 0.15 m (Variant 2); (3) direct sowing into the untilled soil (Variant 3), and (4) shallow tillage to the depth of 0.10 m (Variant 4).The effect of different tillage intensity on winter wheat yields was statistically non-significant after all forecrops. After alfalfa, the highest and the lowest average yields were recorded in Variant 2 (i.e. with ploughing to the depth of 0.15 m) and Variant 3 (direct sowing into the untilled soil), respectively. After maize grown for silage, higher yields were obtained in Variant 2 and Variant 1 (conventional ploughing) while in Variants 4 and 3 the obtained yields were lower. When growing winter wheat after pea as a preceding crop, the highest and the lowest average yields were recorded after direct sowing (Variant 3) and in Variant 1 (i.e. ploughing to the depth of 0.22 m), respectively. Results of studies on effect of different tillage technologies on yields of winter wheat crops indicate that under the given pedological and climatic conditions it is possible to apply methods of reduced tillage intensity. However, the choice of the corresponding technology must be performed with regard to the type of preceding crop.

scholarly journals PONDS OF VOLGOGRAD OBLAST AND THEIR CONDITION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Ю. Овчарова ◽  
В.Ф. Лобойко ◽  
А.В. Лобойко
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Field Trips ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Volgograd Oblast ◽  
Current State ◽  
Beach Recreation ◽  
Insufficient Amount ◽  
Artificial Reservoirs ◽  
Continental Climate

В статье проведен инвентаризация прудов, копаней и мини-водохранилищ, расположенных на территории Волгоградской области. В Волгоградском регионе находятся порядка 5000 искусственных водоёмов различного назначения. Не смотря на такое количество водных объектов район исследования относится к территориям с недостаточным количеством водных ресурсов, что обусловлено природной зоной сухих степей и полупустынь и резко континентальным климатом. Мониторинг большинства прудов и копаней не проводится, научно-методические работы, посвященные данной тематике, почти отсутствуют. С целью выяснения современного состояния искусственных водных объектов области были проведены полевые выезды для их визуального осмотра и мониторинга, а также исследованы морфометрические, физические и статистические данные, предоставленные администрациями районов и поселений. В климатических условиях эти водные объекты играют важное значение: орошение сельскохозяйственных угодий, обводнение прилегающих территорий, разведение рыбы, водоплавающей птицы, хранение воды для различных хозяйственно-бытовых нужд, судоходства, противопожарных и противоэрозионных целей и т. д. Многие гидротехнические сооружения, расположенные на искусственных водоёмах, находятся кризисном состоянии: плотины на некоторых разрушены или прибывают в нерабочем состоянии, а вода в них отсутствует. Состояние некоторых прудов в регионе оценивается как предкризисное и кризисное. На многих из них встречаются таблички на запрет некоторых форм мобильной и стационарной рекреации: вылова рыба, пляжной рекреации, водный туризм и др. The article contains an inventory of ponds, pits for collecting water, and mini-water storages located in Volgograd Oblast. In Volgograd Oblast, there are about 5,000 artificial reservoirs for various purposes. Despite such a number of water bodies, the study area belongs to territories with an insufficient amount of water resources, which is due to the natural zone of dry steppes and semi-deserts and a sharply continental climate. Most of the ponds and pits for collecting water are not monitored, and there are almost no scientific and methodological works devoted to this topic. In order to clarify the current state of artificial water bodies in the region, field trips were carried out for their visual inspection and monitoring, as well as morphometric, physical and statistical data provided by the administrations of districts and settlements were studied. In climatic conditions, these water bodies play an important role: irrigation of agricultural land, watering of adjacent territories, fish and waterfowl farming, storage of water for various household needs, shipping, fire-fighting and anti-erosion purposes, etc. Many hydraulic structures located on artificial reservoirs are in a state of crisis: dams on some of them are destroyed or are inoperative, and there is no water in them. The condition of some ponds in the region is assessed as pre-crisis and crisis. On many of them, there are signs prohibiting some forms of mobile and stationary recreation: fishing, beach recreation, water tourism, etc.

scholarly journals A hydromorphic reevaluation of the forgotten river civilizations of Central Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (52) ◽  
pp. 32982-32988
Author(s):  
Willem H. J. Toonen ◽  
Mark G. Macklin ◽  
Giles Dawkes ◽  
Julie A. Durcan ◽  
Max Leman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Radiometric Dating ◽  
Irrigation Canal ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Irrigation Network ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site ◽  
Syr Darya

The Aral Sea basin in Central Asia and its major rivers, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, were the center of advanced river civilizations, and a principal hub of the Silk Roads over a period of more than 2,000 y. The region’s decline has been traditionally attributed to the devastating Mongol invasion of the early-13th century CE. However, the role of changing hydroclimatic conditions on the development of these culturally influential potamic societies has not been the subject of modern geoarchaeological investigations. In this paper we report the findings of an interdisciplinary investigation of archaeological sites and associated irrigation canals of the Otrār oasis, a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage site located at the confluence of the Syr Darya and Arys rivers in southern Kazakhstan. This includes radiometric dating of irrigation canal abandonment and an investigation of Arys river channel dynamics. Major phases of fluvial aggradation, between the seventh and early ninth century CE and between 1350 and 1550 CE coincide with economic flourishing of the oasis, facilitated by wet climatic conditions and higher river flows that favored floodwater farming. Periods of abandonment of the irrigation network and cultural decline primarily correlate with fluvial entrenchment during periods of drought, instead of being related to destructive invasions. Therefore, it seems the great rivers of Central Asia were not just static “stage sets” for some of the turning points of world history, but in many instances, inadvertently or directly shaped the final outcomes and legacies of imperial ambitions in the region.

Promising forms of apricot for the conditions of the Orenburg Urals

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
V. V. Beskopyl’naya ◽  
A. A. Mushinskiy ◽  
E. V. Aminova ◽  
A. Zh. Saudabayeva
Keyword(s):  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Collection Site ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Continental Climate

The article describes new forms of apricot revealed in the sharply continental climate of the steppe zone of the southern Urals. The research was carried out in the period 2014-2020 on the basis of the Orenburg experimental station of horticulture and viticulture of the All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery. The experiment was conducted on annual seedlings in rain-fed conditions on a collection site in 2013, the layout of trees is 6×4 m. The soil of the experimental site and the adjacent massif is southern carbonate Chernozem, low-power, medium-loamy. According to productivity, fruit taste and winter hardiness (damage of 2 points), three forms of apricot SIZV-6-1, NO. 40, and D-36 were identified with the following characteristics: average fl owering period (from April 27 to May 1), the height is from 2 (D-36) to 3.5 (SI-ZV-6-1) meters, the yield is from 9.8 kg (form 40) to 15.7 kg per tree (form D-36). The revealed forms SI-ZV-6-1, No. 40 have a good, harmonious, sweet taste of fruits. The exception is the D-36 form, which has a sourness in the pulp. For all the time of research, the forms SI-SV-6-1, D-36, No. 40 were not aff ected by clasterosporium and moniliosis. The climatic conditions of the Orenburg region during the period of observation of phenological parameters were very diverse, which allowed us to give a comprehensive assessment of new forms of apricot. The information obtained during monitoring is new and can be used in breeding work.

Peculiarities of apple fruiting on the lower terrace of the Krutovsky Botanical Garden

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
M. V. Repyakh
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Lower Terrace ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Green Zone ◽  
Research Period ◽  
Continental Climate

The paper provides an assessment of the frequency of apple fruiting of different maturation periods growing on the lower terrace of the Vs. M. Krutovsky Botanical garden in the period from 2015 to 2018 according to the following parameters: the number of fruit-bearing trees, the number of fruits on the tree, yield. In the conditions of the Botanical garden, located in the green zone of Krasnoyarsk, the timing of the onset of removable fruit maturity varies significantly. The variability of the fruit formation period depends on the weather conditions in the summer and primarily on the temperature regime. The optimal time for collecting varieties of the summer ripening period is August, and for winter varieties is September, since by this time the fruits of these groups acquire a characteristic color and size. It was found that during the research period, most of the trees of the presented varieties fruited annually. Varieties and individual specimens with an annual plentiful fruiting and maximum fruit weight of fruits are selected: Bismark, Belyy Naliv, General Orlov, Grushovka moskovskaya, Zolotoy Ship, Papirovka, which is a positive factor in a sharply continental climate. It was found that in Siberia, varieties adapted to the European zone have successfully adapted and can be grown in these and similar climatic conditions and can be recommended for further breeding.

Solifluction patterns arising from competition between gravity and cohesion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Glade ◽  
Mulu Fratkin ◽  
Joel Rowland ◽  
Mara Nutt
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Rock Type ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Layer Depth ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
Shallow Subsurface ◽  
First Order ◽  
Arctic Soil ◽  
Landscape Response ◽  
Derived Data

<p>Arctic soil movement, accumulation and stability exert a first order control on the fate of permafrost carbon in the shallow subsurface and landscape response to climate change. A major component of periglacial soil motion is solifluction, in which soil moves as a result of frost heave and flow-like “gelifluction”. Because soliflucting soil is a complex granular-fluid-ice mixture, its rheology and other material properties are largely unknown. However, solifluction commonly produces distinctive spatial patterns of terraces and lobes that have yet to be explained, but may help constrain solifluction processes. Here we take a closer look at these patterns in an effort to better understand material and climatic controls on solifluction. We find that the patterns are analogous to classic instabilities found at the interface between fluids and air—for example, paint dripping down a wall or icing flowing down a cake. Inspired by classic fluid mechanics theory, we hypothesize that solifluction patterns develop due to competition between gravitational and cohesive forces, where grain-scale soil cohesion and vegetation result in a bulk effective surface tension of the soil. We show that, to first order, calculations of lobe wavelengths based on these assumptions accurately predict solifluction wavelengths in the field. We also present high resolution DEM-derived data of solifluction wavelengths and morphology from dozens of highly patterned hillslopes in Norway to explore similarities and differences between solifluction lobes and their simpler fluid counterparts. This work leads us toward quantitative predictions of the presence or absence of solifluction patterns and their response to variation in material properties (e.g., vegetation, rock type, grain size) and climatic conditions (e.g., water content, active layer depth, variability in snow cover).</p>

Crack Survey and Cause Analysis of a Complex in Huatugou of Qaidam Basin

2013 ◽  
Vol 351-352 ◽  
pp. 1102-1107
Author(s):  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Wan Li Pu
Keyword(s):  
Saline Soil ◽  
Qaidam Basin ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Geological Condition ◽  
Cause Analysis ◽  
Soil Area

Huatugou in Qaidam Basin is a saline soil area with special geological condition, and there has special climatic conditions. The buildings appear serious cracks and inclined in this area. This article uses the investigation and inspection which we collect to analyze the present situation for the buildings. Explain why this situation happened and put forward some treatments.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Its Influence on the Active Layer Depth in Central Yakutia

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Alexey Desyatkin ◽  
Pavel Fedorov ◽  
Nikolay Filippov ◽  
Roman Desyatkin
Keyword(s):  
Active Layer ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Layer Depth ◽  
Central Yakutia ◽  
Negative Temperatures ◽  
Permafrost Soils ◽  
High Dynamics

Analysis of climatic conditions for the period of instrumental measurement in Central Yakutia showed three periods with two different mean annual air temperature (MAAT) shifts. These periods were divided into 1930–1987 (base period A), 1988–2006 (period B) and 2007–2018 (period C) timelines. The MAAT during these three periods amounted −10.3, −8.6 and −7.4 °C, respectively. Measurement of active layer depth (ALD) of permafrost pale soil under the forest (natural) and arable land (anthropogenic) were carried out during 1990–2018 period. MAAT change for this period affected an early transition of negative temperatures to positive and a later establishment of negative temperatures. Additionally, a shortening of the winter season and an extension of the duration of days with positive temperatures was found. Since the permafrost has a significant impact on soil moisture and thermal regimes, the deepening of ALD plays a negative role for studied soils. An increase in the ALD can cause thawing of underground ice and lead to degradation of the ice-rich permafrost. This thaw process causes a change of the ecological balance and leads to the destruction of natural landscapes, sometimes with a complete or prolonged loss of their biological productivity. During this observation (1990–2018 period) the active layer of permafrost is characterized by high dynamics, depending on climatic parameters such as air temperature, as well as thickness and duration of snow cover. A significant increase in ALD of forest permafrost soils—by 80 cm and 65 cm—on arable land was measured during the observation period (28 years).

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