Solvation, Rational Design, and Interfaces: Development of Divalent Electrolytes

Rechargeable multivalent ion batteries are promising tools to complement current lithium-ion batteries for a future of diverse energy storage needs. Divalent Mg and Ca are attractive candidates for their high crustal abundance, high volumetric anode capacity, and infrequent dendrite formation during electrochemical cycling. Electrolyte research is central to these efforts and continually improves coulombic efficiencies towards the ideal 100%. This mini-review discusses recent work towards fundamental understandings that push these chemistries towards practical use. Piecing together compatible cathode and electrolytes for a complete practical multivalent ion battery lacks a cohesive method for further development and refinement. Understanding liquid solvation, utilizing rational design, and probing interfacial interactions are focal points that govern electrolyte performance. The combination of these areas will be critical for meaningful development.

Geochemical Anomaly of Cobalt and Nickel in the Area of Chernogorsky Jewelry Scapolite Deposit, Central Pamir (Tajikistan)

The Chernogorsky jewelry scapolite deposit is located in the eastern part of the Central Pamir tectonic zone (the eastern part of the Republicof Tajikistan). A geochemical anomaly of cobalt and nickel of more than 55,000 m2was identified in the territory of the deposit. Within the anomaly, the metals were detected in all minerals, 95% of which belong to non-metallic minerals: olivine, enstatite, hornblende, phlogopite, calcite, dolomite, plagioclase, scapolite, potassium feldspar, nepheline, and sodalite. The deposit ore minerals comprise ilmenite, titanite, rutile, magnetite, hematite, pentlandite, pyrrhotite, and pyrite. The cobalt content is more than 20 times higher than its crustal abundance, and that of nickel is 10 times above its crustal abundance. It is recommended that the Ministry of Geology and the Ministry of Industry of the Republicof Tajikistanconduct the prospect evaluation to assess the prognostic resource potential for these elements. This allows to consider the deposit rocks (harzburgite, amphibolite and albitite) as cobalt-nickel geochemical anomaly. This anomaly should be the subject of greenfieldexploration for the elements. The deposit monomineral category may change to complex polymineral and polymetal category. This will significantly increase its investment attractiveness and economic feasibility.

Ba-Pb mineralization in Ugwuajirija Ishiagu area, lower Benue trough, Southeastern Nigeria: Geochemical evidence

Study of rocks of Ugwuajirija Ishiagu area was carried out to determine their mineralization characteristics. This involved 38 samples and elemental ratios, including Ba, Be, Co, Cu, Cs, Nb, Ni, Pb, Sr, Y, Zn and Ba/K2O, Ba/Ni using ICP-MS and ICP-AES techniques. Geological mapping reveals that the area is underlain by four lithostratigraphic formations: Asu River group, Eze-Aku Shale, Nkporo Shale and Mamu Formation. The pre- Santonian formations were affected by magmatic intrusion and emplacement of dolerites, diorites and other diabasic rocks, and hydrothermal solutions leading to mineralization of economic mineral deposits. Modal analysis reveals the dolerite has average plagioclase concentration (41 %), ortho-pyroxene (29 %), clino-pyroxene (7 %), and olivine (9 %). Marly mudstone has quartz (10 %), plagioclase (25 %), orthopyroxene (20 %), clino-pyroxene (8 %) and olivine (8%). Trace and rare earth element analytical results show that all the analyzed samples were depleted in Cs, Sn, and Be < 1.0ppm, but enriched in Ba- 802ppm through 936ppm in the dolerite, to >10,000ppm in the marly-mudstone respectively, which are 2 to 100 times above the average crustal abundance of Ba-400ppm. The mean concentration of Cu, Pb, and Zn increased from 66.2 to 94 ppm in the dolerite at Ugwuele, to 1049ppm in the marly-limestone, to >10,000ppm in the ferruginized mudstones at Ugwuajirija respectively. These enrichments which are above average crustal abundance show that the mudstone and marly limestone in Ugwuajirija Ishiagu area are Ba and Pb mineralized. Further exploration and exploitation are recommended for effective youth empowerment and national development.Keywords: Ba-Pb Mineralization, Ugwuajirija, Lower Benue Trough, Trace Element

Phosphorus and Iron Distribution in the Sediments of the Yellow River

Sediment was important storeroom of pollutants and acted as the"source"and the"sink"role [1-2]. Phosphorus not only was a important biogenic elements but also a major limiting factor of water eutrophication.Primary productivity of water bodies was effected by phosphorus migration and circulation in interact of sea-land[3]. As we all known,crustal abundance of iron was 6.71% and ranked fourth, it was trace elements that played an important role in activities of human life, meanwhile ,growth of planktonic algae was limited by iron. Iron has a strong absorption features because of its oxide surface features .Circulation and transformation of phosphorus were effected by geochemical cycling of iron[4-6]. Studies have shown[7-8]that total of phosphorus and iron can be used as an important indicator what evaluated the degree of pollution. Released phosphorus of sediments was an important factor that effected nutritional status of water bodies. TP through physical,chemical,biological effected were combined with andiron and other minerals. So, determinating TP and TFe of sediment and analyzing its relevance were very important, it could further reveal the pollution status of water and analysis the pollution trends .

Footprints: Hydrothermal Alteration and Geochemical Dispersion Around Porphyry Copper Deposits

ABSTRACT Whole-rock lithogeochemical analyses combined with short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy provide a rapid and cost-effective method for prospecting for porphyry-type hydrothermal systems. Lithogeochemistry detects trace metals to average crustal abundance levels and allows vectoring via gradients of chalcophile and lithophile elements transported by magmatic-hydrothermal ore and external circulating fluids that are dispersed and trapped in altered rocks. Of particular use are alkalis in sericite and metals such as Mo, W, Se, Te, Bi, As, and Sb, which form stable oxides that remain in weathered rocks and soils. SWIR mapping of shifts in the 2,200-nm Al-OH absorption feature in sericite define paleofluid pH gradients useful for vectoring toward the center of the buoyant metal-bearing magmatic-hydrothermal plume.

BERYLLIUM MINERALS

Beryllium is a chemical element composition of the Group 2 of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. It does not crystallize as a natural solid and exhibits a crustal abundance of 2.8 ppm. It is a chemical element among the trace elements with low representativity, together with erbinm and bromine. It shows a big chemical reactivity, and a low abundance in the chemical composition of minerals (only 96 minerals have beryllium in their chemical compositions). The principal beryllium-bearing minerals for industrial usages are beryl and bertrandite, and secondary sources are helvite, chrysoberyl, euclase, beryllonite, and phenakite. This review presents a synopsis of the beryllium-bearing minerals as a contribution to the scientific knowledge of these substances.