Occurrence and Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants with D-Type Filters

Filters are popularly used in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as the final guards against effluent solids; however, their impacts on antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) removal in the WWTPs are still unclear. In this study, metagenomic analysis was used to find out the distribution characteristics of ARGs in two WWTPs equipped with the same D-Type fiber filters. Samples of influent, activated sludge liquor, secondary clarifier effluent, and D-Type filter effluent were found to host 695, 609, 675, and 643 ARG subtypes, respectively. The detected ARGs mainly included macB (4.1–8.9%), sav1866 (1.7–3.4%), and oleC (1.6–3.8%). Co-occurrence network analysis combined with contribution analysis helped to identify the ARG-related risks in the samples. Microbacterium, Acinetobacter, Gordonia, and Streptomyces significantly correlated with more than ten kinds of ARG subtypes, implying that they are potential hosts for these resistance gene subtypes. The number of ARG subtypes in the D-Type filter was less than those in the secondary clarifier effluent, indicating the potential of D-Type filters to effectively reduce the ARGs released into the environment. However, the abundance of two pathogens, Mycobacterium and PmrA, increased after the treatment by the D-Type filter, which may reveal the adverse effects of intercepting ARGs inside the fibers. The results may help the understanding of the complex role of the D-Type fiber filter on ARG distribution in WWTPs.

Pengaruh Sistem Aerasi Intermittent terhadap Removal Organik dan Nitrogen pada Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik Kamar Mandi Umum

Sebuah instalasi pengolahan air limbah (IPAL) dibangun untuk mengolah air limbah greywater dan blackwater dari toilet dan kamar mandi umum Wisdom Park UGM yang terletak di Dusun Kuningan, Catur Tunggal, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Unit reaktor proses IPAL tersebut terdiri dari sedimentasi, ekualisasi, aerasi 1, aerasi 2 dan secondary clarifier dengan sistem pengolahan berupa aerasi intermitten dan aerasi kontinyu dengan menggunakan Microbubble Generator (MBG) dan blower. Saat ini belum pernah dilakukan kajian terkait efektivitas sistem proses biologi pada IPAL dalam menurunkan kandungan organik dan nitrogen air limbah. Suatu sistem aerasi intermitten diaplikasikan dengan tujuan untuk mendegradasi kandungan organik dan nitrogen yang terkandung dalam air limbah, juga dapat meningkatkan dan meratakan suplai oksigen sehingga kemampuan penyerapan oksigen menjadi lebih besar. Evaluasi IPAL dilakukan selama 82 hari pengamatan dengan parameter air limbah yang diujikan terdiri dari COD, NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, dan PO4-P yang nantinya akan dibandingkan dengan PerMenLHK No 68 Tahun 2016 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Domestik. Hasil performa removal kontaminan di tangki aerasi 1 dan tangki aerasi 2 tidak jauh berbeda, sehingga menunjukkan bahwa pengolahan di tangki aerasi 2 tidak begitu efektif. Pada tangki aerasi 1 rerata removal COD sebesar 73,97±17,65%, removal PO4-P sebesar 53,31±13,72%, removal total nitrogen sebesar 1,57±164,29%, efisiensi nitrifikasi sebesar 82,26±16,47% dan efisiensi denitrifikasi sebesar -66,4±373,37%. Sedangkan, total konsumsi energi yang dibutuhkan untuk pengolahan air limbah di IPAL dengan debit rerata 82,06 l/hari sebesar 43,13 kWh/m3 dan biaya sebesar Rp 62.326,00/m3. Dengan konsumsi energi terbesar dihasilkan untuk peyisihan fosfat yaitu 2,99 kWh/gPO4-P, penyisihan total nitrogen sebesar 1,33 kWh/gTN, penyisihan ammonia sebesar 0,88 kWh/gNH3-N, dan penyisihan COD sebesar 0,7 kWh/gCOD. ABSTRACTA wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was built to treat greywater and blackwater from the public toilets and bathrooms of Wisdom Park UGM located in Dusun Kuningan, Catur Tunggal, Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The WWTP process reactor unit consists of sedimentation, equalization, aeration 1, aeration 2 and secondary clarifier with a processing system in the form of intermittent aeration and continuous aeration using a Microbubble Generator (MBG) and a blower. Currently, no study has been conducted regarding the effectiveness of the biological process system in WWTPs in reducing the organic and nitrogen content of wastewater. An intermittent aeration system is applied with the aim of degrading organic and nitrogen content contained in wastewater, as well as increasing and leveling oxygen supply so that oxygen absorption capacity becomes greater. The WWTP evaluation was carried out for 82 days of observation with the tested wastewater parameters consisting of COD, NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, and PO4-P which will later be compared with the Minister of Environment and Forestry's Regulation No. 68, 2016 on Domestic Wastewater Quality Standards. The results of the contaminant removal performance in aeration tank 1 and aeration tank 2 were not much different, indicating that the treatment in aeration tank 2 was not very effective. In aeration tank 1 the mean COD removal was 73,97±17,65%, PO4-P removal was 53,31±13,72%, total nitrogen removal was 1,57±164,29%, nitrification efficiency was 82,26±16,47%, and denitrification efficiency was -66,4±373,37% in aeration tank 1. Meanwhile, the total energy consumption required for wastewater treatment at WWTP with an average discharge 82.06 l/day is 43.13 kWh/m3 and a cost of Rp. 62,326.00/m3. Phosphate removal required the most energy, at 2.99 kWh/gPO4-P, followed by total nitrogen removal at 1.33 kWh/gTN, ammonia removal at 0.88 kWh/gNH3-N, and COD removal at 0.7 kWh/gCOD

Post-Treatment of Kennel Wastewater With Different Aeration Strategies

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the introduction of a complementary aerobic treatment composed of a submerged aerated biological filter (SABF) with a secondary clarifier (SC), followed by horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (CWs), after anaerobic units, on the ability to remove pollutants in different aeration phases (Ph1, Ph2, and Ph3) at the effluent treatment station of the Parque Francisco de Assis (PFA) dog shelter. Ph1 and Ph2 had 7 and 5 hours of daily aeration, respectively, and Ph3 had intermittent aeration every 2 hours. The phases were monitored regarding the removal efficiency of organic matter, solids, nutrients (N, P), coliforms, and detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. It was found that post-treatment provided greater removal efficiencies and that the aeration strategy of Ph3 showed mean efficiencies of 71% for COD removal and 77% for BOD removal, being similar or statistically higher, even with less biodegradable effluent, than those of Ph1 and Ph2. The SABF and SC removed N by nitrification and denitrification, leaving a total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) concentration in the effluent of 18 mg L−1. The CW showed potential for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND), in addition to solid filtration. The system did not satisfactorily remove thermotolerant coliforms (ThermC) (1 ± 0 log). PCR suggested the presence of the pathogens Giardia and Cryptosporidium in all post-treatment units in Ph1 and Ph2.

Water Hyacinths–biomass Production Potential at a Waste Water Treatment Plant

The growth of Eichhornia crassipes under outdoor conditions was examined during a 42-day test in a wastewater treatment plants primary clarifier, trickling filter and secondary clarifier using municipal residential wastewater as the chosen supplier of nutrients. Test results showed that Eichhorn crassipes plants gained a significant amount of biomass in a short period. Plants could increase their biomass 15.1-fold from the initial weight of 457.6 g to 6898.8 g for the primary clarifier and 12.6-fold from the initial weight of 288.2 g to 3635.0 g for the secondary clarifier. Plant growth in the trickling filter was limited by factors such has as observed bird picking, Cladophra algae growth in the trickling filter and on the roots of Eichhorn crassipes, and intermittent exposure to nutrients contained in the municipal residential wastewater.

Analysis and Design of Sewage Treatment Plant: A Case Study Atnagore

The main objective of this study is to carry out to design of a sewage treatment plant for a Nagore and Nagore district, because it has been one of the developing pilgrimage places. Due to steady increase of increasing population, there will be more generation of domestic and municipal sewage. Sewage produces obnoxious smell which causes disease to all creatures. To avoid this problem, proper treatments is necessary before disposal to land by not throwing sewage directly to natural resources and reuse the treated water that ultimately reduces the overall demand of fresh water. Its objective is to produce an environmental safe fluid waste and solid waste suitable for disposal or reuse. In one day the total sewage generated was estimated 5 MLD considering the projected population of Nagore town for the next 30 years? Consequently this paper focuses on the sewage generation in the Nagore area based on the population and sewage treatment plant is designed accordingly. It is proposed to design the various components of sewage treatment plant considering the various standards and permissible limits of treated sewage water. The various components of sewage treatment plant are screening, grit chamber, primary sedimentation tank, biological reactor, secondary clarifier, activated sludge tank and drying beds.

Tardigrades as potential bioindicators in biological wastewater treatment plants

The aim of this study was the evaluation of the relationship between the presence of tardigrades and various levels of sewage pollution in different tanks of a wastewater treatment plant. The study was carried out in the wastewater treatment plant located near Poznań (Poland) during one research season. The study was conducted in a system consisting of three bioreactor tanks and a secondary clarifier tank, sampled at regular time periods. The presence of one tardigrade species, Thulinius ruffoi, was recorded in the samples. The tardigrades occurred in highest abundance in the tanks containing wastewater with a higher nutrient load. Thulinius ruffoi was mainly present in well-oxygenated activated sludge and its abundance was subject to seasonal fluctuations; however, its preference for more polluted tanks seems to be consistent across the year. Although more detailed experimental study is needed to support the observations, our data indicate that T. ruffoi has a high potential to be used as a bioindicator of nutrient load changes.

PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH DENGAN SISTEM REAKTOR BIOLOGIS PUTAR (ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR) DAN PARAMETER DISAIN

A rotating biological contactor (or RBC) is a type of fixed media filter which removes both organic matter and ammonia from water. It can be added to a packaged plant for more efficient ammonia removal, replacing the aerator in both location and function.The RBC consists of a series of rotating discs. These discs are coated with a biological slime like the slime on rocks in a healthy stream. This slime is rotated through the air and and then through the wastewater so that it picks up oxygen in the air and breaks down B.O.D. in the wastewater. Since the discs rotate through the air, there is no need to pump air into the wastewater. And since the slime stays on the discs, there is no need to recycle sludge. The present study describes basic consideration of rotating biological contactor (RBC) system for wastewater treatment. The design of an RBC system must include the following consideration sach as organics and surface loading criteria, staging of RBC units, peripheral velocity, temperature, effluent characteritics and secondary clarifier. The RBC system have some advantages : smaller basin, less upset, high loading rate, nitrification/de-nitrification, high tolerance, low OM Cost, durable constructions, odorless, no noise, and stable sludge characteristics. Kata Kunci : Reaktor bioloigis putar, air limbah, parameter disain.