Features of driving of the steering wheel driving cars

Existing methods of diagnosing steering can be characterized by low efficiency. For various reasons, both declarative and actual (supported by the equipment) methods, as a rule, have low accuracy and inability to localize faults. The car's built-in diagnostics cannot affect the situation due to the small number of sensors in the steering system. The reasons for the low accuracy of the methods include design features, low availability of components (low maintainability). Difficulties in localization of malfunctions are caused by the structural scheme which is characterized by parallel - consecutive construction. The parameters of diagnostic methods are analyzed, the proposed method is based on the structure of the steering, in the implementation of which test effects are applied to the steered wheels. In total it is necessary to carry out three measurements of backlashes and as a result of mathematical processing of results it becomes possible to localize malfunction in three links of consecutive elements of the steering mechanism or a steering drive. In accordance with this approach, steering is considered as a set of three structures - parallel and two sequential. Rack and pinion steering was used as a model. Here, the parallel structure includes elements of the steering linkage: swing arm, left and right; steering rod, left and right; steering rack - left and right hinges. The sequential structure - left, includes a swing arm, left; steering rod, left; steering rack hinge, left; steering gear, steering shaft, steering wheel. Accordingly, the sequential structure of the right includes similar elements with the attribute "right". The structure of the steering play is considered in a similar way. As a result, it becomes possible to obtain a transformed system of three algebraic equations connecting clearances in three groups of mates and backlashes in parallel and two sequential steering structures. To measure the backlash, the turntables of the BOSCH FWA 4410 stand were used; in another version, the wheels were hung out. As a result of tests carried out on VW GOLF, VW PASSAT and RENAULT 25 vehicles with significant mileage, data was obtained indicating the need for technical interventions on localized groups of interfaces.

Development of a Depth Control System Based on Variable-Gain Single-Neuron PID for Rotary Burying of Stubbles

Rotary burying by tractor-hitched rotary tillers is a common practice in southern China for treating rice stubbles. Currently, it is difficult to maintain stable tillage depths due to surface unevenness and the residual stubbles in the field, which leads to unstable tillage quality and nonuniform crop growth in later stages. In this study, an RTK-GNSS was used to measure the real-time height and roll angle of the tractor, and a variable-gain single-neuron PID control algorithm was designed to adjust the coefficients (KP, KI, and KD) and gain K in real-time according to the control effects. An on-board computer sent the angles of the upper swing arm u(t) to an STM32 microcontroller through a CAN bus. Compared with the current angle of the upper swing arm, the microcontroller controlled an electronic-control proportional hydraulic system, so that the height of the rotary tiller could be adjusted to follow the field undulations in real-time. Field experiments showed that when the operation speed of the tractor-rotary tiller system was about 0.61 m/s, the variable-gain single-neuron PID algorithm could effectively improve the stability of the working depth and the stubbles’ burying rate. Compared with a conventional PID controller, the stability coefficient and the stubbles’ burying rate were improved by 5.85% and 4.38%, respectively, and compared with a single-neuron PID controller, the stability coefficient and the stubbles’ burying rate were improved by 4.37% and 3.49%, respectively. This work controlled the working depth of the rotary tiller following the changes in the field surface in real-time and improved the stubbles’ burying rate, which is suitable for the unmanned operation of the rotary burying of stubbles in the future.

Frame Designing and Architecture of Electric dirt bike

A bike frame is also a non-standard structural component of a motorcycle linking various components of the vehicle systems and providing the vehicle rigidity and strength while running on various road conditions. This study is geared toward designing the frame of a two-wheeler, two-seater motorcycle for an electrical mobility purpose, while considering strength, safety and optimum performance of the vehicle. The said study has been allotted with a two-step approach. the first step includes modelling of the frame as per structural and ergonomic considerations, the design constraints governed by the front and rear suspension, steering and transmission systems and assemblies further because the determination of loads functioning on the frame. The second step is that the strain analysis using finite element analysis software and magnificence modifications for weight reduction without affecting structural strength. The main aim was to cut back the burden, centralize the load and lower the burden of the frame. Thus, the metal tubes were divided into primary, secondary and tertiary members supported the tube diameters and thicknesses so on reduce the final weight of the frame without affecting its strength. The centre of gravity of the frame is below the rider way thus ensuring an occasional and centralized frame weight. The trusses not only provide strength and rigidity but also safety of the actuation and essential vehicle components against impacts. The chassis is additionally a skeleton upon which parts like battery and motor are mounted. The two-wheeler chassis consists of a frame, suspension, wheels and brakes. The chassis is what truly sets the sort of the twowheeler. Commonly used material for two- wheeler chassis is steel which is heavy in weight or more accurately in density. There are various alternate materials like aluminium alloys, titanium, carbon fibre, magnesium, etc. which are lesser in weight and provide high strength and thus are often used for chassis. Keywords: Frame, Chassis, Finite element analysis, Analysis, Frequency Analysis, Swing arm.

Research on the water and land motion performance of an amphibious vehicle

The key motions of land and water are analyzed for a designed amphibious carrier robot. On land, based on the characteristics of the multi-joint crawler, the robot has planned two gaits for climbing steps on land. The kinematic models of climbing steps and climbing steps are established for the two planned gaits, and the maximum height that the robot can climb steps is obtained based, Based on the laws of dynamics, the stability equation of the robot under strong transient impact is established to obtain the conditions for the robot to maintain its own stability when the robot is under strong transient impact during traveling, which provides a theoretical basis for the attitude control of the robot arm. In the water, the fluid numerical method is used to simulate the underwater motion of the robot's swing arm in the extended and retracted state, obtain the traveling resistance and surface pressure of the robot's swing arm crawler in the two states, analyze the relationship between the robot's traveling resistance and speed, obtain the relationship expression between the robot's traveling resistance and the traveling speed, and provide data support of the state selection and speed setting of the robot's underwater crawler.

Dynamic Pad Surface Metrology Monitoring by Swing-Arm Chromatic Confocal System

This study aims to develop a dynamic pad monitoring system (DPMS) for measuring the surface topography of polishing pad. Chemical mechanical planarization/polishing (CMP) is a vital process in semiconductor manufacturing. The process is applied to assure the substrate wafer or thin film on wafer that has reached the required planarization after deposition for lithographic processing of the desired structures of devices. Surface properties of polishing pad have a huge influence on the material removal rate (MRR) and quality of wafer surface by CMP process. A DPMS has been developed to analyze the performance level of polishing pad for CMP. A chromatic confocal sensor is attached on a designed fixture arm to acquire pad topography data. By swing-arm motion with continuous data acquisition, the surface topography information of pad can be gathered dynamically. Measuring data are analyzed with a designed FFT filter to remove mechanical vibration and disturbance. Then the pad surface profile and groove depth can be calculated, which the pad’s index PU (pad uniformity) and PELI (pad effective lifetime index) are developed to evaluate the pad’s performance level. Finally, 50 rounds of CMP experiments have been executed to investigate the correlations of MRR and surface roughness of as-CMP wafer with pad performance. Results of this study can be used to monitor the pad dressing process and CMP parameter evaluation for production of IC devices.