scholarly journals Building Climate Resilient City through Multiple Scale Cooperative Planning: Experiences from Copenhagen

2021 ◽  
Vol 1203 (3) ◽  
pp. 032063
Author(s):  
Haiyun Xu ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Peng Ding
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Organizational Capacity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Multiple Stakeholders ◽  
Key Words Climate Change

Abstract Copenhagen, as one of the well-known European green capitals, has dedicated efforts to implement a series of policies and take action on climate adaptation strategies from 2008 to 2020 to address the challenge brought by global warming. Climate adaptation in new urban planning for stormwater management opens up the dialogue in-between new possibilities for cooperation with multiple stakeholders and climate adaptation projects are developed in multilevel governance. However, in many cities, the organizational capacity of multiple stakeholders at the various level required to combine climate resilience with further sustainability targets may not be available. The paper focuses on the Copenhagen climate adaptation case, and further explores how the city strategically meta-govern the boundaries between the expert governed large-scale water management scheme against small-scale place-based bottom-up projects in collaboration with citizens and other placebased stakeholders. Furthermore, we summarize the experiences of building a climate adaptation city in Copenhagen, which refers to adequate data preparation in the early stage and rigorous planning, well- integration of stormwater management design & landscape design of urban space coordination of various stakeholder’s interests and public participation. Key words: Climate change adaptation; Urban stormwater management; Sustainable cities; Public participation; Green infrastructure

Metagenomic and Metatranscriptomic Responses of Chemical Dispersant Application during a Marine Dilbit Spill

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqi Cao ◽  
Baiyu Zhang ◽  
Charles W. Greer ◽  
Kenneth Lee ◽  
Qinhong Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Microcosm Studies ◽  
Over Time

The global increase in marine transportation of dilbit (diluted bitumen) can increase the risk of spills, and the application of chemical dispersants remains a common response practice in spill events. To reliably evaluate dispersant effects on dilbit biodegradation over time, we set large-scale (1500 mL) microcosms without nutrients addition using low dilbit concentration (30 ppm). Shotgun metagenomics and metatranscriptomics were deployed to investigate microbial community responses to naturally and chemically dispersed dilbit. We found that the large-scale microcosms could produce more reproducible community trajectories than small-scale (250 mL) ones based on the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. In the early-stage large-scale microcosms, multiple genera were involved into the biodegradation of dilbit, while dispersant addition enriched primarily Alteromonas and competed for the utilization of dilbit, causing depressed degradation of aromatics. The metatranscriptomic based Metagenome Assembled Genomes (MAG) further elucidated early-stage microbial antioxidation mechanism, which showed dispersant addition triggered the increased expression of the antioxidation process genes of Alteromonas species. Differently, in the late stage, the microbial communities showed high diversity and richness and similar compositions and metabolic functions regardless of dispersant addition, indicating the biotransformation of remaining compounds can occur within the post-oil communities. These findings can guide future microcosm studies and the application of chemical dispersants for responding to a marine dilbit spill. Importance In this study, we employed microcosms to study the effects of marine dilbit spill and dispersant application on microbial community dynamics over time. We evaluated the impacts of microcosm scale and found that increasing the scale is beneficial for reducing community stochasticity, especially in the late stage of biodegradation. We observed that dispersant application suppressed aromatics biodegradation in the early stage (6 days) whereas exerting insignificant effects in the late stage (50 days), from both substances removal and metagenomic/metatranscriptomic perspectives. We further found that Alteromonas species are vital for the early-stage chemically dispersed oil biodegradation, and clarified their degradation and antioxidation mechanisms. The findings would help to better understand microcosm studies and microbial roles for biodegrading dilbit and chemically dispersed dilbit, and suggest that dispersant evaluation in large-scale systems and even through field trails would be more realistic after marine oil spill response.

scholarly journals Evaluating local multi-stakeholder platforms in forest management in Ontario

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 742-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Robson ◽  
Len M. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Multiple Stakeholders ◽  
Stakeholder Representation ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Ontario’s Local Citizens’ Committees (LCCs) are the oldest local multi-stakeholder platforms in forest management inCanada (since 1994) and one of the most researched. This paper is a meta-analysis of LCC research from large-scale surveys,document analysis of audits and case study interviews of members from two LCCs. Multi-stakeholder Platforms areexpected to lead to better and more acceptable decisions than traditional approaches because they involve multiple stakeholders;consequently, the focus of the paper is on stakeholder representation and success. Our analysis concludes thatrepresentation is an issue and that LCCs have a mixed level of success.Key words: public participation, success, representation, surveys, interviews

scholarly journals Engaging the Private Homeowner: Linking Climate Change and Green Stormwater Infrastructure

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Beery
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Landowner ◽  
Green Stormwater Infrastructure

Current and projected climate change in the Minnesota Lake Superior Coastal Area indicates an increase in frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall. One key outcome of this change is a subsequent potential increase in stormwater runoff, a concern exacerbated by the region’s shallow, often clay soils and exposed bedrock, along with highly impervious urban surfaces. This situation, coupled with public perception of climate change that is increasingly inclusive of severe weather, highlights an opportunity to apply green infrastructure to the challenge of stormwater management, referred to as green stormwater infrastructure. In addition to coordinated public action at local, state, and national levels, there is a role for the private landowner to participate in this form of climate adaptation. Private citizens have an opportunity to both protect their home and property while contributing to overall stormwater management for the community in which they live. Focus group research was conducted to better understand outreach and involve local residents in the creation of a tool to assist private green stormwater infrastructure efforts. Results of the focus group sessions were analyzed, and key themes emerged from the data to guide this process and support private home/landowner action. It is recommended that a fifth domain be added to the typology for public and private roles in climate adaptation, i.e. private adaptation for public and private benefit.

Analysis of Crank Angle-Resolved Vortex Characteristics Under High Swirl Condition in a Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection Engine

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengnian Zhao ◽  
Penghui Ge ◽  
Hanyang Zhuang ◽  
David L. S. Hung
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Flow Structure ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vortex Center ◽  
Intake Stroke

In-cylinder air flow structure makes significant impacts on fuel spray dispersion, fuel mixture formation, and flame propagation in spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) engines. While flow vortices can be observed during the early stage of intake stroke, it is very difficult to clearly identify their transient characteristics because these vortices are of multiple length scales with very different swirl motion strength. In this study, a high-speed time-resolved 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) is applied to record the flow structure of in-cylinder flow field along a swirl plane at 30 mm below the injector tip. First, a discretized method using flow field velocity vectors is presented to identify the location, strength, and rotating direction of vortices at different crank angles. The transients of vortex formation and dissipation processes are revealed by tracing the location and motion of the vortex center during the intake and compression strokes. In addition, an analysis method known as the wind-rose diagram, which is implemented for meteorological application, has been adopted to show the velocity direction distributions of 100 consecutive cycles. Results show that there exists more than one vortex center during early intake stroke and their fluctuations between each cycle can be clearly visualized. In summary, this approach provides an effective way to identify the vortex structure and to track the motion of vortex center for both large-scale and small-scale vortices.

Multi-Scale Numerical Model for Groundwater flow Simulation of a Karst Tunnel in Kunming,China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mo Xu ◽  
Jihong Qi ◽  
Yige Tang ◽  
Xiao Li ◽  
JIan Guo
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tunnel Construction ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Pipe Model

<p>Due to the inhomogeneity of the carbonate rocks and discreteness of the karst water, delineation of the groundwater flow within karst area remains a challenging task as yet. Based on KunCheng tunnel of a water diversion project in KunMing, multi-scale groundwater flow models were set upto simulate the groundwater flow. Large scale model was used to obtain the boundary conditions and hydrogeological parameters, which were then assigned to the small scale model.The small scale model was generalized as an equivalent continuous medium, and two karst pipelines are established  by module River. After then,  the multi-scale numerical modelswere used to simulate the  groundwater seepage field and predict the recovery of groundwater after tunnel construction. The main results and conclusions are as follows.</p><p>(1)Black karst pipeline and white karst pipeline systems share one recharge source but have two independent discharge systems. The recharge source is the exposed karst rock in the northeast part of study area. Obstructed by aluminum clay rock of P<sub>1</sub>d, groundwater discharge is divided into two parts during the runoff process.</p><p>(2)During the tunnel construction process, the water level at the exit of White karst pipeline reduced 9m in pipe model B<sub>1</sub> while reduced 10m in the solution fissure model B<sub>2</sub>, both two models suggest that the tunnel construction will cause the drainage of White karst pipeline exit. The water level at the exit of black karst pipeline reduced 1m in pipe model B<sub>1</sub> while reduced 4m in the solution fissure model B<sub>2</sub>.</p><p>(3)In model B<sub>1</sub>, total water discharge during tunnel construction is 69876m<sup>3</sup>/d, in model B<sub>2</sub> , the total water discharge is 95817 m<sup>3</sup>/d  and  is much larger than model B<sub>1</sub> due to the quick groundwater transporting and exchange in karst pipeline..</p><p>(4)After the tunnel construction, exits of two pipelines and observation well see the water level recovery because of the formation sealing . The recovery trend is relatively rapid in the early stage, and slow in the later stage. It takes 8.5 years and 10 years for the exits of black and white pipelines and observation wells to reach the original water level, respectively. During the recovery process, groundwater exchange form was changing from pipe supplying aquifer to aquifer supplying pipe, which made model B<sub>2</sub> recovered faster than model B<sub>1</sub> in early stage, and vice versa.</p><p>Using large scale model combining with secondary scale model, and the module River to generalize karst pipeline can reflect the flow dynamic characteristics of karst pipeline effectively.</p>

scholarly journals Drivers of the accuracy of developers’ early stage cost estimates in residential construction

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendon Lim ◽  
Madhav P. Nepal ◽  
Martin Skitmore ◽  
Bo Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Residential Construction ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cost Drivers

Purpose – Preliminary cost estimates for construction projects are often the basis of financial feasibility and budgeting decisions in the early stages of planning and for effective project control, monitoring and execution. The purpose of this paper is to identify and better understand the cost drivers and factors that contribute to the accuracy of estimates in residential construction projects from the developers’ perspective. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a literature review to determine the drivers that affect the accuracy of developers’ early stage cost estimates and the factors influencing the construction costs of residential construction projects. It used cost variance data and other supporting documentation collected from two case study projects in South East Queensland, Australia, along with semi-structured interviews conducted with the practitioners involved. Findings – It is found that many cost drivers or factors of cost uncertainty identified in the literature for large-scale projects are not as apparent and relevant for developers’ small-scale residential construction projects. Specifically, the certainty and completeness of project-specific information, suitability of historical cost data, contingency allowances, methods of estimating and the estimator’s level of experience significantly affect the accuracy of cost estimates. Developers of small-scale residential projects use pre-established and suitably priced bills of quantities as the prime estimating method, which is considered to be the most efficient and accurate method for standard house designs. However, this method needs to be backed with the expertise and experience of the estimator. Originality/value – There is a lack of research on the accuracy of developers’ early stage cost estimates and the relevance and applicability of cost drivers and factors in the residential construction projects. This research has practical significance for improving the accuracy of such preliminary cost estimates.

The Personalist Ethic and the Market in Korea

1991 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Yun-Shik
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Individual Choices

The pattern of development that emerged in the early stage of industrialization in South Korea, according to the British sociologist Ronald Dore, is closer to the classical (nineteenth-century) small-scale, individualistic entrepreneurial type than the large-scale bureaucratic type that characterizes development in many other countries embarking upon modernization programs in recent years (Dore 1980:292). This arguably stems from the fact that economic growth accompanied by development of a market (in the broader sense of that term) that created opportunities for individual choices and initiatives.

scholarly journals Hydrological Modeling of Green Infrastructure to Quantify Its Effect on Flood Mitigation and Water Availability in the High School Watershed in Tucson, AZ

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 443
Author(s):  
Yoganand Korgaonkar ◽  
David Phillip Guertin ◽  
Thomas Meixner ◽  
David C Goodrich
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Flood Mitigation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Roof Runoff

Green Infrastructure (GI) practices are being implemented in numerous cities to tackle stormwater management issues and achieve co-benefits such as mitigating heat island effects and air pollution, as well as water augmentation, health, and economic benefits. Tucson, Arizona is a fast-growing city in the semiarid region of the southwest United States and provides a unique landscape in terms of urban hydrology and stormwater management, where stormwater is routed along the streets to the nearest ephemeral washes. Local organizations have implemented various GI practices, such as curb cuts, traffic chicanes, roof runoff harvesting, and retention basins, to capture the excess runoff and utilize it on-site. This study models the 3.31 km2 High School watershed in central Tucson using the Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment (AGWA) tool and the Kinematic Runoff and Erosion (KINEROS2) model. Each parcel in the watershed was individually represented using the KINEROS2 Urban element to simulate small-scale flow-on/flow-off processes. Seven different configurations of GI implementation were simulated using design storms, and we stochastically generated 20 years of precipitation data to understand the effects of GI implementation on flood mitigation and long-term water availability, respectively. The design storm analysis indicates that the configuration designed to mimic the current level of GI implementation, which includes 175 on-street basins and 37 roof runoff harvesting cisterns, has minimum (<2%) influence on runoff volume. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the current level of GI implementation caused an increase (<1%) in peak flows at the watershed outlet but predicted reduced on-street accumulated volumes (>25%) and increased water availability via GI capture and infiltration. When the GI implementation was increased by a factor of two and five, a larger reduction of peak flow (<8% and <22%, respectively) and volume (<3% and <8%, respectively) was simulated at the watershed outlet. The 20-year analysis showed that parcels with roof runoff harvesting cisterns were able to meet their landscape irrigation demands throughout the year, except for the dry months of May and June. Additionally, stormwater captured and infiltrated by the on-street basins could support xeric vegetation for most of the year, except June, where the water demand exceeded volume of water infiltrated in the basins. The current level of GI implementation in the High School watershed may not have significant large-scale impacts, but it provides numerous benefits at the parcel, street, and small neighborhood scales.

Analysis of Crank Angle-Resolved Vortex Characteristics Under High Swirl Condition in a Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection Engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengnian Zhao ◽  
Penghui Ge ◽  
Hanyang Zhuang ◽  
David L. S. Hung
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Flow Structure ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vortex Center ◽  
Intake Stroke

In-cylinder air flow structure makes significant impacts on fuel spray dispersion, fuel mixture formation, and flame propagation in spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) engines. While flow vortices can be observed during the early stage of intake stroke, it is very difficult to clearly identify their transient characteristics because these vortices are of multiple length scales with very different swirl motion strength. In this study, a high-speed time-resolved two-dimensional (2D) particle image velocimetry (PIV) is applied to record the flow structure of in-cylinder flow field along a swirl plane at 30 mm below the injector tip. First, a discretized method using flow field velocity vectors is presented to identify the location, strength, and rotating direction of vortices at different crank angles. The transients of vortex formation and dissipation processes are revealed by tracing the location and motion of the vortex center during the intake and compression strokes. In addition, an analysis method known as the wind-rose diagram, which is implemented for meteorological application, has been adopted to show the velocity direction distributions of 100 consecutive cycles. Results show that there exists more than one vortex center during early intake stroke and their fluctuations between each cycle can be clearly visualized. In summary, this approach provides an effective way to identify the vortex structure and to track the motion of vortex center for both large-scale and small-scale vortices.

scholarly journals Towards Regional Scale Stormwater Flood Management Strategies through Rapid Preliminary Intervention Screening

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2027
Author(s):  
James L. Webber ◽  
Mariano Balbi ◽  
David Lallemant ◽  
Michael J. Gibson ◽  
Guangtao Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Landscape Management ◽  
Management Approaches

This paper presents the advantages and opportunities for rapid preliminary intervention screening to enhance inclusion of green infrastructures in regional scale stormwater management. Stormwater flooding is widely recognised as a significant and worsening natural hazard across the globe; however, current management approaches aimed at the site scale do not adequately explore opportunities for integrated management at the regional scale at which decisions are made. This research addresses this gap through supporting the development of stormwater management strategies, including green infrastructure, at a regional scale. This is achieved through upscaling a modelling approach using a spatially explicit inundation model (CADDIES) coupled with an economic model of inundation loss (OpenProFIA) to support widescale evaluation of green infrastructure during the informative early-stage development of stormwater management strategies. This novel regional scale approach is demonstrated across a case study of the San Francisco Bay Area, spanning 8300 sq km. The main opportunity from this regional approach is to identify spatial and temporal trends which are used to inform regional planning and direct future detailed modelling efforts. The study highlights several limitations of the new method, suggesting it should be applied as part of a suite of landscape management approaches; however, highlights that it has the potential to complement existing stormwater management toolkits.

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