scholarly journals ANALISIS KECENDERUNGAN (TREND) SUHU UDARA DAN CURAH HUJAN DI PULAU FLORES (LABUAN BAJO, RUTENG, MAUMERE, DAN LARANTUKA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-56
Author(s):  
Fifi Novita Ambi ◽  
Hadi Imam Sutadji ◽  
Apolinaris S Geru ◽  
Andreas Christian Louk
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rainfall Trend ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Rainfall Trends ◽  
Key Words Climate Change

Abstrak Telah dilakukan penelitian  analisis kecenderungan (trend) suhu udara dan curah hujan di Pulau Flores (Labuan Bajo, Ruteng, Maumere dan Larantuka). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui profil suhu udara dan curah hujan serta mengetahui trend suhu udara dan curah hujan di Pulau Flores untuk daerah Labuan Bajo, Ruteng, Maumere, dan Larantuka. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh dari BMKG Stasiun Klimatologi Kupang. Pengolahan data dengan  menghitung rata-rata untuk mengetahui profil curah hujan dan suhu udara serta menggunakan metode regresi linear untuk menghitung trend suhu udara dan curah hujan. Berdasarkan pengolahan data, profil curah hujan di Pulau Flores untuk daerah Labuan Bajo, Ruteng, Maumere, dan Larantuka adalah Pola hujan Monsun, untuk profil suhu udara di Pulau Flores suhu udara rata-rata tertinggi terjadi pada bulan November sebesar 29,90C dan suhu udara rata-rata terendah terjadi pada bulan Juli sebesar 18,50C. Untuk trend curah hujan di Labuan Bajo mengalami trend penurunan sebesar -0,919 mm, Ruteng mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 1,2688 mm, Maumere mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 0,1442 mm, Larantuka mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 0,2734 mm. Untuk Trend suhu udara di Labuan Bajo mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 0,03470C, Ruteng mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 0,0050C, Maumere mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 0,01440C, dan Larantuka mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 0,0360C. Kata kunci: Perubahan iklim, trend, suhu udara, curah hujan ANALYSIS OF TREND OF AIR TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL IN THE FLORES ISLAND (LABUAN BAJO, RUTENG, MAUMERE AND LARANTUKA)    ABSTRACT Analysis of  the trend rainfall and air temperature has been conducted on Flores Island (Labuan Bajo, Ruteng, Maumere and Larantuka). The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of air temperature and rainfall and determine air temperature and rainfall trend on the island of Flores for the areas of Labuan Bajo, Ruteng, Maumere, and Larantuka. Data obtained from BMKG Kupang Climatology Station. Data processing by calculating the average to determine the profile of rainfall and air temperature and using linear regression methods to calculate air temperature and rainfall trends. Based on data processing, rainfall profiles on Flores Island for the areas of Labuan Bajo, Ruteng, Maumere, and Larantuka are Monsoon Rain Patterns, for the temperature profile on Flores Island the highest average air temperatures occur in November at 29.90C and the temperature the lowest average air occurred  in July of 18,50C. Rainfall trend in Labuan Bajo experienced a downward trend of -0.919 mm, Ruteng experienced an upward trend of 1.2688 mm, Maumere experienced an upward trend of 0.1442 mm, Larantuka had an upward  trend of 0.2734 mm. For air temperature trends in Labuan Bajo experiencing an upward  trend of 0.03470C, Ruteng experiencing an upward trend of 0.0050C, Maumere experiencing an upward trend of 0.01440C,and Larantuka experiencing an upward trend of 0.0360C. Key words: climate change, trends, air temperature, rainfall

scholarly journals Heatwaves and Summer Urban Heat Islands: A Daily Cycle Approach to Unveil the Urban Thermal Signal Changes in Lisbon, Portugal

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Oliveira ◽  
António Lopes ◽  
Ezequiel Correia ◽  
Samuel Niza ◽  
Amílcar Soares
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Daily Cycle ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Thermal Signal ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Local Climate Change ◽  
Urban Heat

Lisbon is a European Mediterranean city, greatly exposed to heatwaves (HW), according to recent trends and climate change prospects. Considering the Atlantic influence, air temperature observations from Lisbon’s mesoscale network are used to investigate the interactions between background weather and the urban thermal signal (UTS) in summer. Days are classified according to the prevailing regional wind direction, and hourly UTS is compared between HW and non-HW conditions. Northern-wind days predominate, revealing greater maximum air temperatures (up to 40 °C) and greater thermal amplitudes (approximately 10 °C), and account for 37 out of 49 HW days; southern-wind days have milder temperatures, and no HWs occur. Results show that the wind direction groups are significantly different. While southern-wind days have minor UTS variations, northern-wind days have a consistent UTS daily cycle: a diurnal urban cooling island (UCI) (often lower than –1.0 °C), a late afternoon peak urban heat island (UHI) (occasionally surpassing 4.0 °C), and a stable nocturnal UHI (1.5 °C median intensity). UHI/UCI intensities are not significantly different between HW and non-HW conditions, although the synoptic influence is noted. Results indicate that, in Lisbon, the UHI intensity does not increase during HW events, although it is significantly affected by wind. As such, local climate change adaptation strategies must be based on scenarios that account for the synergies between potential changes in regional air temperature and wind.

Climate change in the semiarid prairie of southwestern Saskatchewan: Temperature, precipitation, wind, and incoming solar energy

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Cutforth
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Key Words Climate Change

Long-term weather data were analyzed to study annual as well as seasonal climate change within an approximately 15 000-km2 area in the semiarid prairie near Swift Current, SK. The climate of the study region has changed over the past 50 yr. Annually, average maximum (Tmx) and minimum (Tmn) air temperatures have increased – rainfall amounts and the number of rainfall events (≥0.5 mm) have increased since the late 1960s-early 1970s; incoming solar energy has decreased, and wind speed has decreased since the early 1970s. Seasonally, for January through April (JFMA), both Tmx and Tmn have increased, the number of rainfall events has increased since the early 1970s, snowfall amounts and the number of snowfall events (≥0.5 cm) have decreased; the number of precipitation events (≥0.5 mm) has decreased, incoming solar energy has decreased, and wind speed has decreased since the early 1970s. For May through August (MJJA), Tmn has increased, incoming solar energy has decreased, and wind speed has decreased since the mid-1970s. For September through December (SOND), the number of rainfall events has increased since the early 1970s and wind speed has decreased. Since 1950, JFMA has become drier and, relative to JFMA, SOND has become wetter. Generally, JFMA has experienced the largest change in climate, whereas SOND has experienced the least climate change. Precipitation amounts and events were negatively correlated with increasing Tmx, suggesting a future decrease in precipitation amounts for southwestern Saskatchewan if global warming continues. Key words: Climate change, semiarid prairie, temperature, precipitation, wind, solar energy

scholarly journals KAJIAN DAMPAK PERUBAHAN IKLIM TERHADAP DEGRADASI TANAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Dyah Nursita Utami
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Rainfall Trends ◽  
The Right ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

ABSTRACTNatural disasters that occur in Indonesia are disasters caused by climate change, such as landslides, floods, flash floods, droughts, forest and land fires, crop failures and other natural disaster. Climate change such as rainfall trends, temperature trends, normal changes in rainfall, extreme climate changes greatly affect the balance of the environmental ecosystem which then becomes one of the triggers of natural disasters that occur. For example changes in high rainfall will affect the physical, biological and chemical nature of the soil which makes soil prone to soil erosion and even landslides can occur. Extreme changes in air temperature also affect soil degradation resulting in soil compaction, fractures, acidification and reduced soil organic matter and biodiversity of soil biota, so that plants lack nutrients and eventually crop failure occurs.Because of that basis, the study of the impacts of climate change on soil properties needs to be done in the hope that they can take the right steps in dealing with climate change, so that the environment has resilience in dealing with climate change Keywords: climate change, soil degradation, environmental resilience ABSTRAKBencana alam yang terjadi di Indonesia merupakan bencana yang banyak disebabkan oleh adanya perubahan iklim, seperti tanah longsor, banjir, banjir bandang, kekeringan, kebakaran hutan dan lahan, gagal panen serta bencana alam lain sebagainya. Perubahan iklim seperti tren curah hujan, tren suhu, perubahan normal curah hujan, ekstrem perubahan iklim sangat mempengaruhi keseimbangan ekosistem lingkungan yang kemudian menjadi salah satu trigger bencana alam itu terjadi. Sebagai contoh perubahan curah hujan yang tinggi akan mempergaruhi sifat tanah secara fisik, biologi dan kimiawi yang menjadikan tanah rawan terkena erosi tanah bahkan dapat terjadi tanah longsor. Perubahan suhu udara yang ekstrim juga berpengaruh terhadap degradasi tanah sehingga terjadi pemadatan tanah, rekahan, pengasaman serta berkurangnya bahan organik tanah serta biodiversitas biota tanah, sehingga tanaman kekurangan unsur hara dan akhirnya terjadi gagal panen. Karena dasar itulah kajian dampak perubahan iklim terhadap sifat-sifat tanah perlu dilakukan dengan harapan dapat mengambil langkah yang tepat dalam menghadapi perubahan iklim, sehingga lingkungan mempunyai ketangguhan (resilience) dalam menghadapi perubahan iklim. Kata kunci: perubahan iklim, degradasi tanah, ketangguhan lingkungan.

scholarly journals Response of seasonal soil freeze depth to climate change across China

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1059-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqing Peng ◽  
Tingjun Zhang ◽  
Oliver W. Frauenfeld ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Bin Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Driving Factors ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Air Temperatures

Abstract. The response of seasonal soil freeze depth to climate change has repercussions for the surface energy and water balance, ecosystems, the carbon cycle, and soil nutrient exchange. Despite its importance, the response of soil freeze depth to climate change is largely unknown. This study employs the Stefan solution and observations from 845 meteorological stations to investigate the response of variations in soil freeze depth to climate change across China. Observations include daily air temperatures, daily soil temperatures at various depths, mean monthly gridded air temperatures, and the normalized difference vegetation index. Results show that soil freeze depth decreased significantly at a rate of −0.18 ± 0.03 cm yr−1, resulting in a net decrease of 8.05 ± 1.5 cm over 1967–2012 across China. On the regional scale, soil freeze depth decreases varied between 0.0 and 0.4 cm yr−1 in most parts of China during 1950–2009. By investigating potential climatic and environmental driving factors of soil freeze depth variability, we find that mean annual air temperature and ground surface temperature, air thawing index, ground surface thawing index, and vegetation growth are all negatively associated with soil freeze depth. Changes in snow depth are not correlated with soil freeze depth. Air and ground surface freezing indices are positively correlated with soil freeze depth. Comparing these potential driving factors of soil freeze depth, we find that freezing index and vegetation growth are more strongly correlated with soil freeze depth, while snow depth is not significant. We conclude that air temperature increases are responsible for the decrease in seasonal freeze depth. These results are important for understanding the soil freeze–thaw dynamics and the impacts of soil freeze depth on ecosystem and hydrological process.

Automated detection of urban heat islands based on satellite imagery, digital surface models, and a low-cost sensor network                                     

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Schlögl ◽  
Nico Bader ◽  
Julien Gérard Anet ◽  
Martin Frey ◽  
Curdin Spirig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Urban Heat

<p>Today, more than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas and the proportion is projected to increase further in the near future. The increased number of heatwaves worldwide caused by the anthropogenic climate change may lead to heat stress and significant economic and ecological damages. Therefore, the growth of urban areas in combination with climate change can increase future mortality rates in cities, given that cities are more vulnerable to heatwaves due to the greater heat storage capacity of artificial surfaces towards higher longwave radiation fluxes.</p><p>To detect urban heat islands and resolve the micro-scale air temperature field in an urban environment, a low-cost air temperature network, including 450 sensors, was installed in the Swiss cities of Zurich and Basel in 2019 and 2020. These air temperature data, complemented with further official measurement stations, force a statistical air temperature downscaling model for urban environments, which is used operationally to calculate hourly micro-scale air temperatures in 10 m horizontal resolution. In addition to air temperature measurements from the low-cost sensor network, the model is further forced by albedo, NDVI, and NDBI values generated from the polar-orbiting satellite Sentinel-2, land surface temperatures estimated from Landsat-8, and high-resolution digital surface and elevation models.</p><p>Urban heat islands (UHI) are processed averaging hourly air temperatures over an entire year for each grid point, and comparing this average to the overall average in rural areas. UHI effects can then be correlated to high-resolution local climate zone maps and other local factors.</p><p>Between 60-80 % of the urban area is modeled with an accuracy below 1 K for an hourly time step indicating that the approach may work well in different cities. However, the outcome may depend on the complexity of the cities. The model error decreases rapidly by increasing the number of spatially distributed sensor data used to train the model, from 0 to 70 sensors, and then plateaus with further increases. An accuracy below 1 K can be expected for more than 50 air temperature measurements within the investigated cities and the surrounding rural areas. </p><p>A strong statistical air temperature model coupled with atmospheric boundary layer models (e.g. PALM-4U, MUKLIMO, FITNAH) will aid to generate highly resolved urban heat island prediction maps that help decision-makers to identify local heat islands easier. This will ensure that financial resources will be invested as efficiently as possible in mitigation actions.</p>

scholarly journals Comparison of satellite, thermochron and air temperatures at Summit, Greenland, during the winter of 2008/09

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (198) ◽  
pp. 735-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lora S. Koenig ◽  
Dorothy K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Winter Time ◽  
Arctic Surface

AbstractCurrent trends show a rise in Arctic surface and air temperatures, including over the Greenland ice sheet where rising temperatures will contribute to increased sea-level rise through increased melt. We aim to establish the uncertainties in using satellite-derived surface temperature for measuring Arctic surface temperature, as satellite data are increasingly being used to assess temperature trends. To accomplish this, satellite-derived surface temperature, or land-surface temperature (LST), must be validated and limitations of the satellite data must be assessed quantitatively. During the 2008/09 boreal winter at Summit, Greenland, we employed data from standard US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) air-temperature instruments, button-sized temperature sensors called thermochrons and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite instrument to (1) assess the accuracy and utility of thermochrons in an ice-sheet environment and (2) compare MODIS-derived LSTs with thermochron-derived surface and air temperatures. The thermochron-derived air temperatures were very accurate, within 0.1 ± 0.3°C of the NOAA-derived air temperature, but thermochron-derived surface temperatures were ∼3°C higher than MODIS-derived LSTs. Though surface temperature is largely determined by air temperature, these variables can differ significantly. Furthermore, we show that the winter-time mean air temperature, adjusted to surface temperature, was ∼11°C higher than the winter-time mean MODIS-derived LST. This marked difference occurs largely because satellite-derived LSTs cannot be measured through cloud cover, so caution must be exercised in using time series of satellite LST data to study seasonal temperature trends.

scholarly journals Comparison of Statistical, Graphical, and Wavelet Transform Analyses for Rainfall Trends and Patterns in Badulu Oya Catchment, Sri Lanka

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Ashika M. Ruwangika ◽  
Anushka Perera ◽  
Upaka Rathnayake
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Wavelet Transforms ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Rainfall Trend ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Rainfall Trends ◽  
Mann Kendall Test

Climate change has adversely influenced many activities. It has increased the intensified precipitation events in some places and decreased the precipitation in some other places. In addition, some research studies revealed that the climate change has moved seasons in the temporal scale. Therefore, the changes can be seen in both spatial and temporal scales. Thus, analyzing climate change in the localized environments is highly essential. Rainfall trend analysis in a localized catchment can improve many aspects of water resource management not only to the catchment itself but also to some of the related other catchments. This research is carried to identify the rainfall trends in Badulu Oya catchment, Sri Lanka. The catchment is important as it is in the intermediate climate zone and rich in agricultural productions. Four rain gauges (namely, Badulla, Kandekatiya, Lower Spring Valley, and Ledgerwatte Estate) were used to analyze the rainfalls in the resolutions of monthly, seasonally, and annually. 30-year monthly cumulative rainfall data for the above four gauging stations are analyzed using various standard tests. Nonparametric tests including Mann–Kendall test and sequential Mann–Kendall test and innovative trend analysis methods are used to identify the potential rainfall trends in Badulu Oya catchment. In addition, continuous wavelet transforms and discrete wavelet transforms tests are carried out to check the patterns on rainfall to the catchment. The trend analysis methods are compared against each other to identify the better technique. The results reveal that the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test is powerful to produce the statistically significant rainfall trends in qualitative and quantitative manner. Mann–Kendall analysis shows a positive trend to Ledgerwatte Estate in monthly (3.7 mm in February and 7.4 mm in October), seasonal (6.9 mm in the 2ndintermonsoon), and annual (3 mm annually) scales. However, the analysis records one decreasing rainfall trend to Kandekatiya (8.1 mm in December) only in monthly scale. Nevertheless, it was found that the graphical method can be easily used in qualitative analysis, while discrete wavelet transformations are efficient in identifying the rainfall patterns effectively.

Observed trends in the river ice regimes of northwest Canada

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 462-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Richard Janowicz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Break Up ◽  
First Time ◽  
Annual Summer

Yukon air temperature trends have been observed to change over the last several decades with an increase in annual, summer and winter air temperatures, while changes in precipitation have not been consistent. An assessment of freeze-up and break-up dates indicates that the ice cover season is becoming shorter with delays in freeze-up and advances in break-up timing. Mid-winter break-up events and associated flooding have been observed for the first time. Break-up water level trends suggest that break-up severity is increasing. These changes cannot be definitely attributed to climate change as there is some evidence suggesting that teleconnections may be a factor. The observed changes have significant implications pertaining to public safety, and economic impacts on property and infrastructure, transportation networks and hydroelectric operations. Ice jams and associated backwater and surges also affect aquatic ecosystems through impacts on biological and chemical processes.

scholarly journals Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfall Trends Under RCP Scenarios in Johor, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Nazahiyah Rahmat ◽  
Aainaa Hatin Ahmad Tarmizi ◽  
Nurul Nadrah Aqilah Tukimat
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Rcp Scenarios ◽  
Rainfall Trends ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Abstract Changes in the spatial and temporal rainfall pattern affected by the climate change need to be investigated as its significant characteristics are often used for managing water resources. In this study, the impacts of climate change on rainfall variability in Johor was investigated by using General Circulation Model (GCM) on the availability of daily simulation for three representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios, RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for interval year of Δ2030, Δ2050 and Δ2080. In addition, the annual future rainfall trend for the first interval year of Δ2030 was also made. Daily rainfall series from eight (8) stations in Johor, Malaysia capturing 30 years period (1988-2017) with less than 10% missing data were chosen. The annual mean rainfall for RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 was predicted increase by 17.5%, 18.1% and 18.3%, respectively as compared to historical data. Moreover, the Mann-Kendall (MK) test was used to detect the trend and resulted in no trend for RCP2.6. Even so, RCP4.5 showed a significant upward trend in Muar and Kota Tinggi, and for RCP8.5, all regions were detected to have an upwards trend except for Pontian and Kluang. In general, the concentration of greenhouse gases from RCP8.5 gave the highest rainfall in future.

scholarly journals Initiative use of climate change hotspots for targeting adaptation sites in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 893 (1) ◽  
pp. 012035
Author(s):  
Ikrom Mustofa ◽  
Perdinan ◽  
Syafararisa Dian Pratiwi ◽  
Suvany Aprilia ◽  
Raden Eliasar Prabowo Tjahjono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract Designing climate change adaptation actions are considerably a challenge, as the actions should be targeted uniquely addressing climate change impacts. One of the challenges is to determine climate change adaptation sites. The complexity raises considering climate change impact a wide range of economic sectors, which require a lot of resources to conduct a comprehensive climate change assessments. This study proposes the use of climate change hotspots as an initiative to firstly consider the potential targeted sites. The target of global efforts to maintain air temperature under 2°C was employed as a clue to prioritize areas that air temperature is increasing beyond the thresholds to which can affect human activities. This study employed spatial and threshold analysis to develop climate change hotspots of projected temperature change for 2021-2050 over Indonesia. The thresholds were defined by considering the effects of base temperature of 32 °C, 35 °C, and 38 °C on agriculture, environment, and human health in combination with elevated temperature from 0.75 to 2 °C. The initiative method was applied to the baseline and projected air temperature obtained from higher resolution of climate model outputs simulated under representative carbon pathway scenario of 4.5 (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) as a case study. The maps of climate change hotspots provide the potential targeted areas for climate change adaptation actions. Referring to the target of suppressing global temperatures below 2°C, we identified the distribution of climate change hotspots in Indonesia with a scenario of increasing temperature of 2°C from baseline conditions so that future air temperatures will be more than 35°C. The maps can also be combined with the other maps related to climate change analyses, which are available in Indonesia such as SIDIK to refine the priority areas and/or more general geographic information such as city location. As an example, the overlay of climate change hotspots and city location can provide early anticipation on which city will experience urban heat island. The development of climate change hotspots nationally is also expected to initiate climate change services that can be provided to the end users to ease them in defining suitable actions to adapt to the impacts of climate change.

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