In vitro Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Aqueous and Ethanol Leaf Extracts of Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. F.

Clerodendrum phlomid is was a common shrub of arid plains, low hills, and tropical deserts. It belongs to the family Verbenaceae. Many species of this genus have been documented in traditional system of medicine in India. The roots of the plant have been extensively studied in Ayurveda but in folk and traditional medicine, it is the leaf that finds more application in alleviating many diseases. Oxidation byproducts of metabolism was responsible for many pathophysiological conditions. Anti-oxidants are molecules that quench the free radicals. The present study aims at evaluating the in-vitro anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous and ethanol leaf extract of Clerodendrum phlomidis. The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated by three in vitro models, namely the DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and NO radical scavenging activity. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the RBC membrane Inhibition method. The aqueous extract was found to have better anti- oxidant activity than the ethanol extract in DPPH and NO radical scavenging activity. The RBC membrane inhibition method clearly states that the aqueous leaf extract of Clerodendrum phlomidis was found to have a comparatively an effective anti-inflammatory activity than ethanol extract.

Bioactivities and protective effects of Pectolinarigenin in human diseases: An updated review.

Background: Pectolinarigenin is a natural flavonoid compound having molecular formula C17H14O6 and molecular weight 314.28, found in different plants such as vegetables, medicinal herbs, and fruits. Eupatorium odoratum, Cirsium chanroenicum, Cirsium setidens, Clerodendrum phlomidis, Cirsium japonlcum, Chromolaena odorata and Trollius chinensis are some of the best natural source of pectolinarigenin. Objective: The purpose of this review paper is to summarize all the pharmacological properties of pectolinarigenin on cancer and other disorders, describe the mode of action and possible pathways for cellular level action. Method: Various databases have been searched to collect all the information of pectolinarigenin and presented in the form of scientific review. Results: Pectolinarigenin acts as an anticancer agent against various types of human malignancies such as lung cancer, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma. It also has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, cytotoxic and hepatoprotective properties. Pectolinarigenin gained attention from researchers and clinicians due to their anticancer properties and in future it could be the best choice for cancer treatment. The present review initially highlights the current status of flavonoids and their pharmaceutical importance, role of pectolinarigenin in human disorders, and in later section, summarizes analytical techniques of pectolinarigenin as lead molecules. Conclusion: Conclusion: This review will support all the ongoing research of pectolinarigenin through out world to for their beneficial properties in all the scientific discipline. Other: Plants are valuable source of phytochemical which are mainly used as food material but more specifically as a medicine since very ancient time in the world. Flavonoids basically contain three rings and present in the fruits, vegetables, grains, wine and tea. Strawberries, broccoli, apple, berries, grapes, citrus fruit and lettuce are some of the best examples of rich source of flavonoidal compounds. Flavonoidal compounds have attracted many scientists due to their attractive colour and physiological properties. In addition to their role in nutrition, flavonoids possess many types of pharmacological activities including anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic and anti-aging properties.

HYPOGLYCEMIC AND HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ROOT EXTRACT OF CLERODENDRUM PHLOMIDIS IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: In traditional systems of medicine numerous plants have been used for the treatment and control of diabetes. Clerodendrum phlomidis is the accepted botanical source of the ayurvedic drug Agnimantha. The plant is used in the treatment of smallpox, inflammation, coryza, scrotal enlargement, syphilitic, and postnatal complaints. The roots are used to treat measles, gonorrhea, and diabetes. The present study aims at evaluating the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of C. phlomidis roots.Methods: Diabetes was induced by administering 120 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally in albino Wistar rats for a treatment period of 21 days during which body weight changes and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were monitored at weekly intervals. On the 21st-day serum biochemical parameters, liver malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, and glycogen levels were estimated.Results: The ethanol extract at 400 mg/kg dose significantly (p<0.001) reduced the elevated FBG and serum biochemical parameter levels.Conclusion: The present study substantiates the traditional use of C. phlomidis in the treatment of diabetes.

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Leaf of Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. F.

Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f. is a large bush or small tree belonging to the family Verbenaceae. The present study deals with the pharmacognostical and phytochemical study of leaf including chromatographic evaluation. Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f. leaf is rhomboid ovate, acute at apex crenate-dentate at margin, sub-cordate at base and velvety in texture. Leaf of the plant can be identified microscopically by the presence of hooked trichomes, glandular sessile trichomes, starch grains, oil globules, Anomocytic type of stomata and rhomboidal and prismatic crystal. Preliminary analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, steroid, alkaloids, tannin and phenol. HPTLC study of alkaloid showed the presence of two spots in short and three spots in long UV rays. The information generated by this study provides relevant Pharmacognostical and Physico-chemical data needed for proper identification and authentication of leaf of Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.

IN-VITRO CYTOTOXIC AND APOPTOSIS STUDY OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CLERODENDRUM PHLOMIDIS LEAF ON MCF-7 BREAST AND A-549 LUNG CANCER CELL LINES.

Objective: Cancer is a molecularly heterogeneous diseaseand the leading cause of death worldwide. The methanol extract of Clerodendrum phlomidis leaf has been reported for cytotoxicity. Hence, the current investigation was planned to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the chemical constituents isolated from the methanol extract of the C. phlomidis leaf against the Michigan cancer foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer and adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) lung cancer cell lines by the apoptotic study.Methods: Cytotoxic activity of the chemical constituents of the methanol extract of the C. phlomidis leaf was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against breast cancer (MCF-7) and lung cancer (A549) cell lines. The MCF-7 and A549 cell lines were tested at different concentrations to determine 50% of growth inhibition (inhibitory concentration [IC50]) by MTT assay. Apoptosis of nuclei was detected by 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining assay.Results: In MCF-7 breast cancer cell line study, Compounds 6 and 9 exhibited good cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 83.80 and 75.16 μg/ml, respectively. In A549 lung cancer cell line, again Compounds 6 and 9 exhibited good cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 84.46 and 78.60 μg/ml, respectively. Percentage of apoptosis induced by the Compounds 6 and 9 in the MCF-7 cancer cells was found to be 74.50 and 85.48, respectively.Conclusion: The results of the current study prove that the Compounds 6 and 9 are potential agents for breast and lung cancer. In future research, these potential agents can further be evaluated by animal studies and their mechanism of action apart from the induction of apoptosis of the cancer cells can be determined.