A Comparative study of Andra bhasha bhushanam and Tolkappiyam

This review examines the subject under five sub-headings: writing intent, writing structure, Type of techniques, vocabulary, and spelling observation. Of these, the structure of the text is examined under two sub-headings, external structure and internal structure. Among the 32 writing techniques mentioned by Tolkappiyar, 1. Writing purpose, 2. Section order, 3. Codification expression, 4. Section expression, 5. Semantic coordination, 6. Fictional gestures, 7. Meaningful reference, 8. Alternative formula entry, 9. Future reference, 10. Sutra and examples are examined in bilingual grammars. In formulaic construction methods such as sutrartham, sutra structure, relation between sutras, gana, nipatam are taken into consideration. In the alphabet section, topics such as distribution of letters, creation of letters, conjugation, and word usage are examined. Finally, at the end of the character the 10 things identified in the bilingual grammars examined comparatively are revealed and the table of reference is compiled.

Validity Evidence for the Emergency Medicine Standardized Letter of Evaluation

ABSTRACT Background The standardized letter of evaluation (SLOE) is the application component that program directors value most when evaluating candidates to interview and rank for emergency medicine (EM) residency. Given its successful implementation, other specialties, including otolaryngology, dermatology, and orthopedics, have adopted similar SLOEs of their own, and more specialties are considering creating one. Unfortunately, for such a significant assessment tool, no study to date has comprehensively examined the validity evidence for the EM SLOE. Objective We summarized the published evidence for validity for the EM SLOE using Messick's framework for validity evidence. Methods A scoping review of the validity evidence of the EM SLOE was performed in 2020. A scoping review was chosen to identify gaps and future directions, and because the heterogeneity of the literature makes a systematic review difficult. Included articles were assigned to an aspect of Messick's framework and determined to provide evidence for or against validity. Results There have been 22 articles published relating to validity evidence for the EM SLOE. There is evidence for content validity; however, there is a lack of evidence for internal structure, relation to other variables, and consequences. Additionally, the literature regarding response process demonstrates evidence against validity. Conclusions Overall, there is little published evidence in support of validity for the EM SLOE. Stakeholders need to consider changing the ranking system, improving standardization of clerkships, and further studying relation to other variables to improve validity. This will be important across GME as more specialties adopt a standardized letter.

Cell Arrest and Apoptosis Induced by the Next Generation of Vanadium Based Drugs: Action Mechanism to Structure Relation and Future Perspectives

Background: Every year we encounter more projects indicating the promising anticancer activity of vanadium molecules against different types of cancer cells. The new generation of metal-based drugs are targeting the energy supplies of the cell through ROS generation leading them to cell arrest and apoptosis. The relatively low toxicity of vanadium metal, the different oxidation states that it can be occurred and in general, the lipophilicity of transition metals, gave attention to vanadium after the exhausted research in platinumbased drugs. Herein, we are reviewing the latest advances in apoptotic activity of vanadium complex molecules and trying to reveal the structure to action relationship. Future perspectives of vanadium anticancer drugs also discussed. Methods: Data were collected from Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed, through searching of these keywords: “apoptosis”, “anticancer drugs”, “vanadium complexes”, “synthesis” and “cell arrest”. Results: A good amount of vanadium complexes gave promising results over the last years showing that a more careful approach of a ligand design, could give a rise to the next generation of vanadium drugs. Conclusion: The low toxicity of vanadium ion in combination with its V(IV) species selectivity, gives to the vanadium, a head starts against other transition metal complexes.

New sodium-rich mixed Mn/In chalcogenido metallates Na12MnIn2Q10 (Q = S, Se)

The sodium-rich sulfido and selenido metallates Na12MnIn2Q10 (Q = S/Se) were synthesized in pure phase from melts composed of stoichiometric quantities of the manganese monochalcogenides MnQ, elemental indium and the chalcogens together with either Na2S (Q = S) or elemental sodium (Q = Se) as starting material. The samples were heated up to maximum temperatures of 1000/900 °C under an argon atmosphere; crystallization was achieved by slow cooling rates of 10 K h−1. The two isotypic compounds (monoclinic, space group P21/m, a = 678.26(2)/698.85(10), b = 2202.77(7)/2298.7(3), c = 766.39(3)/800.59(13) pm, β = 90.232(2)/90.147(5)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0516/0.0575) crystallize in a new structure type. According to the division of the formula as Na12[InQ4][MnInQ6] the salts contain ortho indate anions [InIIIQ4]5− besides hetero-bimetallic dimers [MnIIInIIIQ6]7−, which consist of two edge-sharing [MQ4] tetrahedra. The seven crystallographically different sodium cations exhibit an either tetrahedral or octahedral coordination by the chalcogen atoms. Thus, the overall structure of the salt is best described by a hexagonal close packing of the sulfide/selenide anions, in which the octahedral voids of every second interlayer section are fully occupied by the (overall 5/f.u.) Na+ positions with CN = 6. In the other half of the interlayer sheets, all tetrahedral voids (overall 10/f.u.) are occupied by the seven CN = 4 Na+ cations, one In3+ of the ortho anion and the two Mn2+/In3+ cations (which statistically occupy one crystallographic site). This structure relation is also verified by a Bärnighausen group-subgroup tree connecting the h.c.p. (Mg type) aristotype (with its tetrahedral and octahedral voids) by an overall index of 60 with the structure of the two title compounds.