Keefektifan Lecanicillium lecanii Mengendalikan Crocidolomia pavonana Pada Skala Laboratorium

ABSTRAK Cendawan L. lecanii adalah salah satu agens hayati yang sangat potensial untuk dimanfaatkan dalam pengendalian beberapa hama dan penyakit tanaman. Percobaan ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Satuan Pelayanan Balai Perlindungan Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura Wilayah V Tasikmalaya Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktor tunggal dengan 6 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan, yaitu Konsentrasi L. lecanii : P0 (Kontrol), P1 (5 g.L-1), P2 (10 g.L-1), P3 (15 g.L-1), P4 (20 g.L-1), P5 (25 g.L-1). Variabel yang yang diamati yaitu mortalitas, konsumsi pakan larva c. pavonana, perilaku larva yang terinfeksi, lama waktu kematian larva. Perlakuan yang menunjukan hasil optimal ada pada perlakuan P5 (Konsentrasi L. lecanii 25 g.L-1) dengan nilai mortalitas 82%, konsumsi pakan 1.23 g.perlakuan-1, lama waktu kematian 1.8 HSA dan perilaku larva yang terinfeksi yaitu C. pavonana mengalami perubahan warna, yang awalnya berwarna kuning berubah menjadi warna hitam. Tubuh larva menjadi keras, karena semua jaringan dan cairan dalam tubuh larva habis oleh cendawan L. lecanii, lalu secara perlahan diselimuti oleh miselium.

Biological Control Using Microorganisms Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium lecanii Against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)

Tuta absoluta (Meyerick) is a serious pest of tomato crop with larvae causing even 100% loss, if not effectively controlled. Native from South America, currently, it can be found throughout Europe, Africa and parts of Asia. In Romania, it was reported for first time in 2009 (Leaotă, 2009). In this study, 12 concentrations of Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium lecanii were prepared and tested on T. absoluta larvae to study the impact of entomopathogenic fungi on larvae mortality, under laboratory conditions. The results showed that only four experiments had a mortality rate of over 50% on T. absoluta larvae. The higher concentration had the highest mortality rate. Research shows that microorganisms are effective, but at very high concentrations, leading to a higher cost of production. In these conditions, we could recommend either to increase the colony forming units in the commercial products, or to enrich the crop area with beneficial microfauna before establishing the crop. The present study might be useful in developing future integrated management strategies for tomato leaf miner.

Efficacy of different entomopathogenic fungal isolates against chilli aphid, Myzus Persicae (Sulz.)

In recent years, microbial control of insect pests is becoming popular as insect pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes serve as potential bioagents in pest management. Among the different microbial agents, entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are gaining importance in pest control. They can be easily mass cultured on artificial media without affecting their virulence at a cheaper cost. They are highly species specific with minimal impact on non-target organisms. The current study aimed to study the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungal isolates against aphid, Myzus Persicae (Sulz.) in chilli. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium lecanii against chilli aphid. From the study it is revealed that B. bassiana @ 108 spores ml-1 were found to be effective and found to be more superior to the other entomopathogenic fungal isolates viz., Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium lecanii against chilli aphid.

​Efficacy of Biopesticides against Pod Bug, Clavigralla gibbosa Spinola (Heteroptera; Coreidae) in Pigeonpea

Background: Pigeonpea is the major pulse crop of India. In reproductive stage pigeonpea is exposed to biotic pests causing damage to flowers, pods and grains. Pod bugs, Clavigralla gibbosa Spinola are one of the major biotic constraints in reducing productivity of pigeonpea. Nymphs and adults suck the sap from pods and cause loss of seed yield. Chemical residues will remain in the grains affecting health of the consumer. Eco-friendly molecules are best alternatives to manage pod bugs. Methods: Efficacy test of biopesticides viz., Lecanicillium lecanii, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, NSKE 5%, Neemazol 1% and Sasyarakshak against C. gibbosa was conducted in pigeonpea during Kharif 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India under field conditions with seven treatments including control in three replications. Two sprays were taken at tender pod stage and population was recorded. Pod damage and grain damage was assessed at harvest. Result: NSKE 5% was superior in reducing pod bug population, pod damage and grain damage followed by L. lecanii and neemazol 1%. M. anisopliae was found to be ineffective in reducing the population, pod damage and grain damage. The average grain yield of 1229.10 kg/ha was highest in NSKE 5% followed by L. lecanii (1223.48 kg/ha) and neemazol 1% (1199.53 kg/ha). The B:C was 2.45 in NSKE 5% and 2.43 in L. lecanii were higher than other treatments. Therefore, these two biopesticides can be used for effective management of pod bug in pigeonpea.

Sub-Lethal Effects of Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmermann)-Derived Partially Purified Protein and Its Potential Implication in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Defense against Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera)

Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera), are a polyphagous economically destructive pest of several solanaceous crops around the world. Many secondary metabolites are synthesized by different biotrophic and necrotrophic fungi which are capable of inducing systemic resistance in plants against various phytophagous pests. The present laboratory work demonstrated the anti-insect impact of a protein extracted and purified partially from an entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmermann) against B. tabaci. Three different concentrations (i.e., 7.43, 11.15, and 22.31 μg mL−1) of this protein were bioassayed to assess its effect on the fecundity rate of B. tabaci on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants. Furthermore, the possible implication of this fungal protein in defense pathways of cotton plants was evaluated by determining the expression profiles of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways related to major genes through reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR). According to the results, all protein concentrations exerted a significant (F3, 252 = 62.51; p ≤ 0.001) and negative impact on the fecundity rate of B. tabaci females. At the highest protein concentration (22.31 μg mL−1), the minimum rate of fecundity (i.e., 2.46 eggs female−1day−1) of B. tabaci was noted on the seventh day, whereas fecundity rates for the other two protein concentrations (i.e., 11.15 and 7.43 μg mL−1) were, respectively, 3.06 and 3.90 eggs day−1 female−1. The maximum rate of fecundity (6.01 eggs female−1day−1) was recorded in untreated (control) treatments. In addition, the foliar application of L. lecanii derived protein significantly upregulated all SA linked genes (OPR3, PPO1 and COI1) and slightly triggered up the JA linked genes (LOX1, UBQ7 and AOS) in the cotton plants. These findings revealed that this L. lecanii extracted partially purified protein triggered systemic resistance against B. tabaci in the cotton plants, proposing its putative effectiveness as an innovative biological control technique against B. tabaci and other phloem-feeding hemipteran pests. Nevertheless, further investigations such as purification and molecular and functional characterization of this L. lecanii-derived partially purified protein are required.

Hiperparasitismo y antagonismo de Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley & Broome en cafetales de Satipo - Perú

El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de microrganismos antagonistas y parasitarios conocidos como Bacillus subtilis, Lecanicillium lecanii y Trichoderma spp. como agentes de control biológico sobre la incidencia y severidad de H. vastatrix; el diseño experimental empleado fue el Diseño en Bloques Completamente al Azar con seis tratamientos, un testigo y tres bloques. La muestra estuvo constituida por 10 plantas por unidad experimental siendo un total de 210 plantas en todo el experimento. La investigación se desarrolló en el Unión Valle de Sangareni del distrito de Pangoa, situado a una altitud de 1 533 msnm. Se realizó aplicaciones con microorganismos a plantas de cafeto en los meses de enero, marzo y mayo; se evaluó porcentaje de incidencia y grado de severidad con escala. Los tratamientos con L. lecanii aplicados a hojas y Trichoderma spp. suelo, tratamiento con L. lecanii aplicado a hojas presentaron 35% de incidencia y 0.93 y 1.20 grados de severidad y Trichoderma spp. aplicado a hojas y suelo presentó 39% de incidencia y 1.27 grados de severidad siendo menor al testigo que presentó 96% de incidencia y 4.70 grados de severidad, se reafirma la capacidad de hiperparasitismo y antagonismo de los hongos L. lecanii y Trichoderma spp., contra H. vastatrix, lo cual se vio evidenciado en la disminución de la incidencia y severidad.

Management of the grape mealy bug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), using entomopathogenic fungi and botanical oils: a laboratory study

Background Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the bio-efficacy and cumulative effect of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), viz., Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Zare and Gams, and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and different botanical oils against grape mealy bug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). M. hirsutus infestation during berry formation has left no option other than chemical management. However, the pesticide application during this stage leads to residues. Thus, safer and sustainable biological need was tested for their effectiveness against M. hirsutus. Results Dipping bioassay technique was used to determine the cumulative mortality. When L. lecanii was used as sole (at 6 and 4 g/l), significant mortality was observed (51.63 and 50.18%). However, the maximum cumulative nymphal mortality was achieved when the combination of EPF formulations was used, i.e., 57.64% with B. bassiana + L. lecanii (6 g/l + 6 g/l). Their effectiveness was at par with the same combination but with minimal concentration, i.e., 4 g/l + 4 g/l (56.29%). Concerning the botanical oils evaluated, neem oil at 15 ml/l achieved a higher mortality of 81.36%. Consecutive effective treatment was a combination of neem oil and pongamia oil (at 10 + 10 ml/l) with 79.65% mortality. However, the standard dosage of neem oil (at 10 ml/l) and IIHR neem soap (at 10 g/l) also recorded the significant mortality of 78.09 and 77.67%, respectively. When compared, the neem oil was found significantly superior in sole and compatible combination than pongamia oil. Conclusions Lecanicillium lecanii and neem oil (sole and in combination with other compatible bioagents) proved significantly better for the management against M. hirsutus with an efficacy of 90.21 and 96.67 % mortality, respectively against the standard chemical control (more than 97%).

Biorational Management And Mycosis Studies Of Grape Thrips [Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus H.]

Field experiment was conducted to test the bioefficacy of various biorational insecticides against grapevine thrips at AICRP on Fruits, Department of Horticulture, MPKV, Rahuri, during 2017-18. Results revealed that standard check emamectin benzoate 5% SG consistently proved to be the most promising by recording the least thrips population (3.10/shoot). Among biorational insecticides neem oil 2% (4.09/shoot) proved as best treatment followed by, karanj oil (4.51/shoot) and neemazol (5.08/shoot). While entomopathogenic fungi Lecanicillium lecanii recorded less population (4.24/shoot) and emerged as best treatment as compared to the Metarhizium anisopliae (4.87/shoot) and Beauveria bassiana (5.34/shoot). However chlli methanolic extract (6.29/shoot), garlic methanolic extract (6.78/shoot), chilli water extract (6.85/shoot) and garlic water extract (7.08/shoot) are the least effective treatments. Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio (ICBR) in respect of different treatments ranged between 1.30 to 7.92. The highest ICBR of 1:7.92 was recorded in the treatment with emamectin benzoate 5 SG, and it was followed by Lecanicillium lecanii (1:6.34) and Metarhizium anisopliae (1:5.32). Although neem oil and karanj oil has great reduction of thrips population, but has less incremental cost benefit ratio i.e. 2.81 and 3.04, respectively, due to high dose and its cost. The mycosis test of three entomopathogenic fungi viz. Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Lecanicillium lecanii were studied on grape thrips. Mycosis by Beauveria bassiana was confirmed the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi on grape thrips. Highly pronounced mycosis was observed by Metarhizium anisopliae on the dead bodies of thrips. Mycosis test of Lecanicillium lecanii was also proved on grape thrips (plate - 1, 2 and 3).

Pengendalian Ramah Lingkungan Hama Ulat Grayak (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) pada Tanaman Kedelai

Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) atau dikenal dengan ulat grayak merupakan hama penting pada tanaman kedelai dan beberapa jenis tanaman penting di Indonesia. Serangan S. litura dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan, bahkan kehilangan hasil pada tanaman kedelai. Gejala serangan berupa daun berlubang karena larva memakan jaringan daun hingga menyisakan epidermis dan tulang daun. Hama ini dilaporkan menyerang tanaman kedelai di sentra-sentra produksi di Indonesia yaitu Aceh, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Sulawesi Selatan dan dan Sulawesi Tengah. Upaya pengendalian hama ulat grayak yang dilakukan petani adalah menggunakan pestisida sintetik, namun karena dampak negatif penggunaannya terhadap kesehatan manusia dan keseimbangan ekosistem alam, maka perlu adanya alternatif pengendalian yang dampak negatifnya rendah terhadap lingkungan. Beberapa teknologi pengendalian yang telah diteliti dan diketahui efektifitasnya antara lain; penggunaan Spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SlNPV) (50-100%), cendawan entomopatogen Beauvaria bassiana (51-93%), Metarhizium anisopliae (93-100%), Nomuraea rileyi dan Lecanicillium lecanii (80-85%), Parasitoid (13-56%), predator Forficula auricularia (96%), nematoda entomopatogen Steinernematidae (30-51%), pestisida nabati (>30%), tanaman perangkap dan varietas tahan Aplikasi yang tepat akan mendukung perkembangbiakan spesies tersebut di alam sehingga akan terjadi siklus rantai makanan yang seimbang dan berkelanjutan. Komponen pengendalian ini dapat dimasukkan dalam pengendalian terpadu, sehingga serangan S. litura dapat ditekan, tanaman berproduksi optimal, keseimbangan ekosistem dapat dipertahankan, residu pestisida dapat diturunkan dan sistem pertanian berkelanjutan tercapai.