Ways to Translate a Newly-Introduced Concept

Translation is a complicated thinking and a practicing process, which involves many theories and skills. According to the theory of dynamic equivalence and based on literature studies as well as personal practical experiences, three viewpoints have been proposed in this article to discuss on how to translate a newly-introduced concept; namely, giving full consideration to the meaning of newly-introduced concepts, paying attention to the evolution of the concepts, and seeking for a similar meaning in the traditional classics of a nation, each of which is exemplified in order to facilitate understanding.

TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE AND STRATEGIES IN “LAUT BERCERITA (THE SEA SPEAKS HIS NAME)” NOVEL BY LEILA S. CHUDORI

There are many ways that could be done to introduce culture of a country to the international world, one of them is through translation works. This research is conducted by using qualitative approach and content analysis method. The data used in this research are words and phrases found in “Laut Bercerita (The Sea Speaks His Name)” novel by Leila S. Chudori. In this novel, there are many cultural terms, local language from Javanese people, and dictions so that when they are translated to English, they would be interesting because some of the terms, local language and dictions still do not have equivalences in Target Language. In this research, the researcher analyzed 45 data and divided to 2 categories; 19 data in word category, and 26 data in phrase one. The research findings consist of dynamic equivalence, formal equivalence, and equivalence at word levels for translation strategy they are adaptation, communicative translation, semantic translation, descriptive equivalence, idiomatic translation, literal translation, through translation, and transference. The most often strategies used are adaptation, communicative translation, and semantic translation. Through this research, I have knowledge of translation equivalence and how translation strategy being applied to words and phrases.

Dynamic equivalence of doubly-fed wind turbines based on parameter identification and optimization

The dynamic equivalence and modeling of large-scale wind farms is the basis for studying the problem of multi-temporal and spatial scale wind farms grid connection, and the establishment of a high-precision equivalence model is a key issue among them. This paper takes doubly-fed wind turbines as the research object. Aiming at the problem of large dynamic errors in direct aggregation of equivalents into a single unit, an equivalent model combined with particle swarm optimization algorithm is established to improve the accuracy of dynamic equivalents. The electrical parameters, reactive power reference values, active power controller parameters, and active DC voltage controller parameters are optimized using particle swarm optimization. The research results show that the equivalent model after optimizing the parameters of the active power and DC bus voltage controller is the closest to the detailed model in describing the dynamic characteristics of multiple machines.

Enjambement in the Mounted Lyrical Poetry: the Untranslatable Translated?

The article is aimed at studying some features of translation strategies used to convey the expressive potential of a poetic text with elements of mounting techniques, viewed through the prism of the rhythmic-syntactic level of organisation of the poetic text. The subject of analysis is enjambement, or verse (poetic) transference, which is a “dissonance” between the rhythmic division of poetic speech into poetic lines and the syntactic division of verbal material into syntagmas in verse, thereby affecting the rhythmic structure of the text. The poem by H.M. Enzensberger (born in 1929), “verteidigung der wölfe gegen die lämmer”, as well as the translation of the specified poem into Russian (“Protection of wolves from sheep”) made by Lev Ginzburg (1921-1980), are used as the factual material. The original poem is written in free rhythms and includes elements of mounting techniques. To achieve this goal, a complex methodology has been applied, which, in addition to structural-descriptive and comparative analyses, also involves elements of linguopoetic and linguo-stylistic approaches. The relevance of the presented work is primarily due to the translation perspective of the study, which required the involvement of the main provisions of the theory of dynamic equivalence by E. Nida, secondly, – to the fact that translation strategies are considered in terms of intercultural interaction, i.e. taking into account the culturally specific characteristics of the bearers of the source and target languages. Based on the results of the analysis, a conclusion has been made about the special role of verse transferences in the mounted lyrical poetry of H.M. Enzensberger, which are engaged in the creation of the “defamiliarisation” effect at the appropriate micro-level of the lyrical work. A comparative analysis of the texts in the source language and the target language indicates that the application of the main provisions of the theory of dynamic equivalence, as well as the relevant linguistic aspects of intercultural communication when translating poetic works, contributes to a most accurate preservation of the aesthetic effect and of the expressive potential inherent in the original poetic text with elements of mounting techniques.

Die 2020-direkte vertaling in Afrikaans: Waarom en hoe?

The 2020 direct translation into Afrikaans: Why and how? The Bible Society of South Africa’s commission that the new 2020 translation of the Bible into Afrikaans should be soundly source-text orientated and at the same time easy to understand, set a difficult task to the translators. The 2020 translators would have to dig deep to make these two almost opposing goals meet. The ways by which the translators eventually put their commission into practice, was investigated in this article. The method of investigation was to inspect the decisions of the translators’ steering committee about how they planned to execute the commission they received from the Bible Society, and to test their decisions to its execution in practical examples from the 2020 translation itself. The investigation brought to light that the translators’ success in the execution of their task, to a large extent, resulted from the fact that they, from the outset, made a clear distinction between the linguistic characteristics and the textual characteristics of both the source and the reception language. This enabled them to make a directly reflecting type of translation without giving way to either formal equivalence or dynamic equivalence. The translators decided not to translate into modern terms typical historic-cultural matters such as measures and weights, currencies and military ranks. By retaining the Hebrew and Greek terms, they tried to conserve the local colour of the source text and to provide a historical credibility to the translation. Moreover, the language and linguistic register of the translation was brought into line with a pre-identified target audience thus contributing to the dignity of the translation text and, simultaneously, making sure that it would be easily understood.Contribution: The investigation led to the conclusion that the translators rather successfully dealt with the difficult task that the Bible Society had put before them. They made every effort to present their readers with a directly reflecting type of translation in a neat, stylistically meticulous and clear Afrikaans. Therefore, readers can receive this new contribution to the treasure of Afrikaans Bible translations with gratitude, and use it freely as a welcome addition to the already existing translations.

Correctness of the Subtitled Expressions in Context: The Translator in Film Making Process

This paper hinges on the correctness of the subtitled expressions in context: The translator in film making process. The objective of the study is to ascertain the correctness of subtitled expressions in context, in the movie used for the study. It focuses on fishing out the wrong subtitled expressions in context of discourses in the movie Onye Bụ Nna M. The study sees subtitle as substituting the vocal utterances in a filmic material to a written equivalence on the screen of the television. The discredit of subtitle in the Nollywood touches the areas of wrong expression of a particular utterance in a movie into another language through subtitle and non alignment of the spoken utterances with its subtitled equivalences. However, all these formed the problem of the study. This study adopts the formal and dynamic equivalence of Nida as well as Gottlieb’s strategies of subtitle as the frameworks of the study in order to effectively carry out this research. This research adopts the emergent design approach in its methodology. The study reveals that if information is subtitled well with the correct tenses in context, there will be no misinterpretation of ideas or information by the target audience.

The Semiotics of Christian Theological Translation and Interpreting

The Christian theological text, whether written or oral is a derivative of a sacred text called The Bible, thus, making the theological text a second order text. This makes it possible for the Christian theological text to adopt first of all, the semiotic forms of The Bible: signs, symbols, vestments and colours as well as those of the modern church. Semiotic translation which implies a decoding of signs and symbols, interprets textual signs and symbols in a source text (ST) to the target audience (TA). Hence, translation is an interpretative activity. The translation of Christian theological semiotics could be done in-text, in footnotes or in notes and references as a form of elucidation to the target audience. Theology is a discipline and as such, most of its signs and symbols are technical. To deal with its semiotics is part of the deverbalisation process which its translator must engage in, in order to understand the source text (ST) and to reverbalise the same. The paper aims at furnishing Christian theological translators with the meanings of selected Christian theological signs and symbols. This is a plunge into the dynamic equivalence of the signs and symbols, since formal equivalence, calque and loaning do not deliver the relevant comprehension needed by the translator for adequate reverbalisation of the source text. The paper highlights the importance of semiotic research in the translation of Christian theological texts.

Bojarynia Łesi Ukrainki w recepcji Józefa Łobodowskiego

In the interwar period, Józef Łobodowski was one of the few who became interested in the work of Lesya Ukrainka. In the 1930s, he translated her drama Forest Song. Unfortunately, the war prevented its publication and the prepared materials were lost. Łobodowski’s translation output also included a fragment of the drama Boyarinya, which appeared in the 32nd Polish-Ukrainian Bulletin in 1938. It is worth emphasizing that Łobodowski proved to be known not only as a translator, but also as a literary critic. He has written a number of articles on Ukrainian literature. Among them, two of them, published in the “Polish-Ukrainian Bulletin”: Lesya Ukrainka and Works of Lesya Ukrainka (On the 25th Anniversary of Death – 1913-1938) in 1933 and 1938, respectively, deserve special attention. Th e discussed translation is largely an example of dynamic equivalence. In them, the translator draws attention to semantic adequacy, but does not give up the poeticisation of the text.