Mathematical Modelling of Vehicle Drifting

A mathematical model and condition for drifting of vehicles are presented in this paper. Employing the condition for possible steady-state drifting, the mathematical model of a vehicle with lateral weight lift during turning and drifting as well as adopting a combined tyre force model enables to reduce the number of equations of motion to a set of nonlinear coupled algebraic equations. The solution of the equations are the longitudinal and lateral components of the velocity vector of the vehicle at its mass centre and the vehicle’s yaw rate. The numerical values of the variables are associated with an equilibrium at which the vehicle drifts steadily. The equilibrium point should be analysed for stability by examining for any small disturbance should disappear. The procedure applied to a nominal vehicle indicates that an equilibrium point exists for every given value of the steering angle as the input. Also, it is shown that the equilibrium point is unstable. Hence, to keep the vehicle at the associated steady-state drifting, the value of the yaw rate must be kept constant.

SUMBANGAN POSYANDU LANSIA “DELIMA” DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEPEDULIAN SOSIAL LANSIA DI DUSUN WIDORO KIDUL

AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan tentang sumbangan Posyandu Lansia “Delima” dalam meningkatkan kepedulian sosial lansia melalui: (1) Kegiatan, (2) Pelaksanaan, (3) Hasil kegiatan, (4) Faktor pendukung dan penghambat kegiatan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah kader dan anggota lansia. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Uji keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi sumber. Teknik analisis data meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Pertama, kegiatan di Posyandu Lansia “Delima” yaitu penimbangan berat badan, pengukuran tensi darah, penyuluhan dan konseling, kunjungan rumah, PMT, kajian keagamaan, arisan, dan senam lansia. Kedua, pelaksanaan program meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi yang dalam pelaksanaan tersebut anggota lansia mendapatkan sumbangan kepedulian sosial lansia. Ke tiga, hasil dari kegiatan adalah anggota lansia sudah memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan untuk menjaga kesehatan fisik, psikologis dan meningkatkan kembali hubungan sosial di masyarakat. Ke empat, faktor pendukung meliputi adanya kader yang berkompeten, adanya dukungan dana dari pemerintah dan dukungan dari keluarga. Sedangkan faktor penghambatnya adalah kondisi lanjut usia yang sudah lemah, kondisi cuaca yang tidak menentu dan belum lengkapnya peralatan kesehatan. THE CONTRIBUTION OF POSYANDU LANSIA “DELIMA” INCREASING SOCIAL CARE FOR THE ELDERLY IN WIDORO KIDUL AbstractThis study aims to describe the contribution of PosyanduLansia “Delima” in increasing elderly social care, which consists: (1) Activities, (2) Implementation, (3) Results of activities, (4) Factors supporting and inhibiting the activities. This research belongs to a qualitative approach with a kind of descriptive research. The subject of this research were cadre and elders. The data were collected through interview techniques, observation, and documentation. The validation that used was source triangulation. The data analysis technique that used was data reduction, data collection method, and conclusion drawing. The results of this research show: first, the activity of PosyanduLansia “Delima” is weight lift, blood measures, counseling, home visits, PMT, religious, arisan, and gymnastic for the elderly. Second, the implementation of activities including the planning, implementation, and evaluation which are in this implementation the elders get a contribution of social care. Third, The results of the activity are elderly members who already have the knowledge and skills to maintain physical, psychological health and improve social relations in the community. Four, supporting factors including competent cadres, the government funding supports, and support from the family. Inhibiting factors are elderly conditions that have been weak, erratic weather conditions, and incomplete health equipment.

Measuring power input, power output and energy conversion efficiency in un-instrumented flying birds

ABSTRACTCost of flight at various speeds is a crucial determinant of flight behaviour in birds. Aerodynamic models, predicting that mechanical power (Pmech) varies with flight speed in a U-shaped manner, have been used together with an energy conversion factor (efficiency) to estimate metabolic power (Pmet). Despite few empirical studies, efficiency has been assumed constant across flight speeds at 23%. Ideally, efficiency should be estimated from measurements of both Pmech and Pmet in un-instrumented flight. Until recently, progress has been hampered by methodological constraints. The main aim of this study was to evaluate recently developed techniques and estimate flight efficiency across flight speeds. We used the 13C-labelled sodium bicarbonate method (NaBi) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) to measure Pmet and Pmech in blackcaps flying in a wind tunnel. We also cross-validated measurements made by NaBi with quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) body composition analysis in yellow-rumped warblers. We found that Pmet estimated by NaBi was ∼12% lower than corresponding values estimated by QMR. Pmet varied in a U-shaped manner across flight speeds in blackcaps, but the pattern was not statistically significant. Pmech could only be reliably measured for two intermediate speeds and estimated efficiency ranged between 14% and 22% (combining the two speeds for raw and weight/lift-specific power, with and without correction for the ∼12% difference between NaBi and QMR), which were close to the currently used default value. We conclude that NaBi and PIV are viable techniques, allowing researchers to address some of the outstanding questions regarding bird flight energetics.

Recovery and Calibration of Legacy Underground Nuclear Test Seismic Data from the Leo Brady Seismic Network

The Leo Brady Seismic Network (LBSN, originally the Sandia Seismic Network) was established in 1960 by Sandia National Laboratories to monitor underground nuclear tests (UGTs) at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS, formerly named the Nevada Test Site). The LBSN has been in various configurations throughout its existence, but it has generally been comprised of four to six stations at regional distances (∼150–400 km) from the NNSS with approximately evenly spaced azimuthal coverage. Between 1962 and the end of nuclear testing in 1992, the LBSN—and a sister network operated by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories—was the most comprehensive United States source of regional seismic data of UGTs. Approximately 75% of all UGTs performed by the United States occurred in the predigital era. At that time, LBSN data were transmitted as frequency-modulated (FM) audio over telephone lines to a central location and recorded as analog waveforms on high-fidelity magnetic audio tapes. These tapes have been in dry temperature-stable storage for decades and contain the sole record of this irreplaceable data; full waveforms of LBSN-recorded UGTs from this era were not routinely digitized or otherwise published. We have developed a process to recover and calibrate data from these tapes. First, we play back and digitize the tapes as audio. Next, we demodulate the FM “audio” into individual waveforms. We then estimate the various instrument constants through careful measurement of “weight-lift” tests performed prior to each UGT on each instrument. Finally, these coefficients allow us to scale and shape the derived instrument response of the seismographs and compute poles and zeros. The result of this process is a digital record of the recorded seismic ground motion in a modern data format, stored in a searchable database. To date, we have digitized tapes from 592 UGTs.

Pengaruh variasi sudut terjunan terhadap unjuk kerja pompa hydram (hydraulic ram pump)

Water is one of the factors which very important and necessary in the life of living creatures. Therefore, water must be available whenever and wherever in the quantity, timing, and sufficient quality. Hydraulic Ram Pump (Hydram) is a pump does not require external energy as the power source. The purposes of this research are understanding the influence of falling angle from the hydrant pump toward generated debit and finding the influence of the falling angle of the hydrant pump to generated efficiency. This research uses hydrant pump by the specification of tube compressor its’ diameter 3 inches and a height 60 cm. the falling angle of pump are 35°, 40°, 45°, 50° and 55°. The falling-height is 1 meter with five variations of weight-lift 3, 3½, 4, 4½, and 5 meters. The method of analysis is conducted by analyzing data obtained during the experiment, where the results in the form of quantitative data which is presented in type of tables and displayed in graphical form. The results of the research shows that the best output debit on falling 35 ° namely 0.079 L / s with 3 meters’ water weight-lift, while the lowest output debit on falling 55 ° namely 0.010 L / s 5 meters’ water weight-lift. The best efficiency is 6.103% in the falling angle of 35 ° with 3 meters’ of water weight-lift, while the lowest efficiency is 1.239% in the falling angle of 55 ° with 5 meters’ of water weight-lift.

Kinematic Analysis on the Clean and Jerk Action of the Chinese Elite Athlete Zhong Huang

We made a 3D camera resolution on the elite Chinese weightlifting athlete Zhong Huang, with the three-dimensional analysis we gained the kinematic parameters and found the problem of his technique, thus provide some scientific basis for the weight-lift training. The results show that in the barbell lifting stage, the distance of Zhong Huang’s hand is 69.6cm, a narrow grip and the depth of pre squatting is small. In the force stage, the angle of knee joint is relatively large, full squatting distance prolonging the working distance. In the squat support stage Zhong Huang had a good flexion of the hip and knee, in line with the "straight, stable, shallow" pre squatting requirements. In the stand up stage, Zhong Huang lifted the barbell and stood fast, which explains he had a good effect of force. In the jerk stage, he had an over bent of knee.