Promovendo saúde pública através do cuidado animal / Promoting public health through animal care

As doenças zoonóticas são responsáveis por cerca de 75% das doenças infecciosas emergentes e podem ser devastadoras para a saúde humana e animal em todo o mundo. Um subconjunto de doenças zoonóticas é referido como "doenças zoonóticas negligenciadas - NZDs", pois afetam principalmente as populações pobres que vivem nas proximidades de animais domésticos ou selvagens, muitas vezes em áreas onde o acesso à saúde e instalações sanitárias adequadas não estão disponíveis. Em 2017, a comunidade Sururu do Capote foi acometida por um surto de tungíase. Diante disso, foi idealizado o projeto de extensão intitulado “Cuidado animal: uma alternativa no controle da tungíase humana” a fim de controlar a tungíase, oferecendo uma maior qualidade de vida à comunidade. O projeto foi realizado em parceria com a Comunidade Espírita Nosso Lar, que mobilizou a população e cedeu o local para os atendimentos. Foram beneficiadas pelo projeto 166 famílias, sendo 98 delas tutoras de cães e gatos e 68 de equinos. Os 166 animais foram submetidos a exames físico-clínicos criteriosos, os animais doentes foram encaminhados para o setor de farmácia, onde foram tratados. Houve ainda os que tiveram material biológico coletado para realização de exames laboratoriais, quando necessário. Durante o projeto foram feitas 74 amostras para identificação de ectoparasitas. Além da Tunga penetrans foram encontrados animais parasitados por Xenopsylla cheopis, Lynxacarus radovskyi, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Ctenocephalides felis e Ctenocephalides canis. Constatou-se que 132 animais estavam acometidos por zoonose de caráter parasitário, oferecendo riscos à população. O atendimento clínico aos animais da comunidade acrescidos de prevenção educativa aos tutores acerca de suas responsabilidades com os animais e a importância do acompanhamento médico veterinário para a manutenção da saúde animal e humana.

Bartonella Infections in Cats and Cat Fleas in Lithuania

Bartonella are vector-borne parasitic bacteria that cause zoonotic infections in humans. One of the most common infections is cat-scratch disease caused by Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae. Cats are the major reservoir for these two species of bacteria, while cat fleas are vectors for the transmission of infection agents among cats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of Bartonella infections in stray and pet cats and in cat fleas in Lithuania. Blood samples were taken from 163 cats presented in pet clinics and animal shelters. A total of 102 fleas representing two species, Ctenocephalides felis and Ctenocephalides canis, were collected from 12 owned cats that live both outdoors and indoors. Bartonella DNA in samples was detected using a nested PCR targeting the 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacer (ITS) region. Bartonella DNA was detected in 4.9% (8/163) of the cats and 29.4% (30/102) of the fleas. Sequence analysis of the ITS region showed that the cats and fleas were infected with B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae and Bartonella sp., closely related to B. schoenbuchensis. This study is the first report on the prevalence and molecular characterization of Bartonella spp. in cats and cat fleas in Lithuania.

Survei Prevalensi Ektoparasit pada Populasi Anjing Pemburu (Canis Lupus familiaris) di Kecamatan Jagong Jeget Kabupaten Aceh Tengah

Dogs are one of the domestic animals that are much loved by humans as pets because of their relatively easy maintenance. The existence of dogs is becoming popular among the public, because for some people, dogs are kept as friends, guards, hunters, scouts or drug trackers.. On the other hand, to maintain their good body condition, then need to control their health.. One of the parameters for dog health disorders is the presence of ectoparasites in their body. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites of hunting dogs that are kept in Jagong Jeget District, Central Aceh Regency. Research activities have been carried out from November 2019 to February 2020. The samples used in this study were 30 hunting dog samples that owned by the member of PORBI in Jagong Jeget subdistrict by manual ectoparasites examination. The Analysis of results were conducted descriptively. The results showed that the prevalence of ectoparasites in hunting dogs in Jagong Jeget District was 83.3%. In detail, this result comprised of the prevalence of ectoparasites of the Ctenocephalides canis group at 80%, followed by Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Boophilus sp. with a prevalence of 16.6% and Trichodectes canis with a prevalence of 3.3%. We concluded that there was ectoparasitic infection in hunting dogs that were kept in Jagong Jeget District and hunting dog maintenance management in Jagong Jeget District was still classified as poor.Abstrak Anjing merupakan salah satu hewan domestik yang banyak digemari manusia sebagai hewan kesayangan karena pemeliharaannya yang relatif mudah. Keberadaan anjing sangat populer dikalangan masyarakat tertentu, karena bagi mereka, anjing dipelihara sebagai teman, penjaga, pemburu, pengintai atau pelacak narkoba. Disisi lain, untuk menjaga kondisinya tetap stabil sesuai kebutuhan pemeliharaannya, maka kesehatannya perlu dirawat dengan baik. Salah satu parameter gangguan kesehatan anjing adalah keberadaan ektoparasit dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi pada ektoparasit pada anjing pemburu yang di pelihara di Kecamatan Jagong Jeget Kabupaten Aceh Tengah. Kegiatan penelitian telah dilaksanakan dari bulan November 2019 sampai bulan Februari 2020. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 30 sampel anjing pemburu yang diperiksa dari pemilik anjing pemburu anggota PORBI dari Kecamatan Jagong Jeget dengan pemeriksaan ektoparasit secara makroskopis. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi ektoparasit pada anjing pemburu yang di pelihara di Kecamatan Jagong Jeget adalah 83.3%. Secara rinci ektoparasit dari kelompok kelompok Ctenocephalides canis yaitu 80%. diikuti oleh Rhipicephalus sanguineus dan Boophilus sp. dengan prevalensi 16.6% dan Trichodectes canis dengan prevalensi 3.3%. Dapat disimpulan bahwa terdapat infeksi ektoparasit pada anjing pemburu yang dipelihara di Kecamatan Jagong Jeget dengan tingkat infestasi yang tergolong tinggi

PARASITOSES EM CÃES DOMICILIADOS EM UM MUNICÍPIO DO SUL DO BRASIL

Parasitos causam danos à saúde de animais de companhia e podem afetar a saúde humana. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a frequência e a diversidade de parasitoses em cães domiciliados no município de Chapecó, Santa Catarina. As coletas ocorreram nos meses de outubro a dezembro de 2018, em três bairros da cidade. Um animal por residência foi incluído na amostra, totalizando 150. Para a avaliação de ectoparasitas foram utilizados os meios semiológicos de investigação. Foram coletadas fezes frescas dos animais para a busca por endoparasitas. As amostras foram conduzidas e avaliadas no Laboratório de Zoologia e Parasitologia da Unochapecó. Para o processamento das amostras foram utilizadas duas técnicas sendo a de flutuação (Millis-Molay) e sedimentação (Dennis Stones). O estudo contou ainda com um inquérito junto aos tutores dos animais sobre as condições de bem estar e cuidados com a saúde dos mesmos. Ao todo, em 23 cães (15,3%) foram encontrados ectoparasitas da espécie Ctenocephalides canis. Foram observados os endoparasitas Trichuris vulpis (6% pela técnica de flutuação e 3,3% por sedimentação) e Ancylostoma spp. (4,7%) pela técnica de flutuação. A frequência de animais acometidos por parasitos destaca a importância de cuidados mais amplo e sistemático com a saúde dos animais.

Διερεύνηση των παθογόνων Bartonella και Rickettsia σε διαβιβαστές και τον άνθρωπο στην Αττική

Η παρούσα διατριβή επικεντρώθηκε στην περιοχή της Αττικής, εστιάζοντας στη μοριακή διερεύνηση κοινών ψύλλων ζώων συντροφιάς για παθογόνα βακτήρια και στην εκτίμηση της φορείας IgG αντισωμάτων στον πληθυσμό έναντι των Rickettsia typhi, Bartonella henselae και B. quintana. Τα δείγματα ψύλλων προήλθαν από κτηνιατρικές κλινικές και τα δείγματα ανθρώπων από ιδιωτικά μικροβιολογικά εργαστήρια στην Αττική. Για την μοριακή διερεύνηση των ψύλλων χρησιμοποιήθηκαν συμβατικές και real-time PCR και αλληλούχιση επόμενης γενεάς του γονιδίου 16S rDNA. Οι ορολογικές δοκιμές έγιναν με έμμεσο ανοσοφθορισμό (Vircell™, Santa Fé, Spain), σύμφωνα με τις οδηγίες του κατασκευαστή. Ο χαρακτηρισμός των βακτηρίων με δυνητική υγειονομική σημασία βασίστηκε στο International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems by WHO (ICD-11, 2019 version).Από τα δείγματα ψύλλων, 100 αποτελούμενα μόνο από θηλυκούς ψύλλους επιλέχθηκαν για ανάλυση, στα οποία περιλαμβάνονταν 96 δείγματα με Ctenocephalides felis, δύο δείγματα με Ctenocephalides canis και δύο δείγματα με Pulex irritans, που συλλέχθηκαν από 67 γάτες και 33 σκύλους.Επιβεβαιωμένα για το γένος Rickettsia βρέθηκαν 16 δείγματα εκ των οποίων 14 επιβεβαιώθηκαν για R. felis εκ των οποίων οκτώ ανήκαν σε γάτα και έξι σε σκύλο. Bartonella spp. ανιχνεύθηκε σε 32 δείγματα. Από αυτά σε 27 ανιχνεύθηκε το είδος: 12 είχαν B. clarridgeiae, επτά B. henselae, ένα B. koehlerae ενώ τα υπόλοιπα επτά είχαν μικτή μόλυνση με περισσότερα από ένα είδη Bartonella. Όλα τα θετικά δείγματα προήλθαν από γάτα εκτός από ένα στο οποίο δεν ταυτοποιήθηκε το είδος. Η ευαισθησία των μοριακών μεθόδων για το γένος Rickettsia κυμάνθηκε από 62,5% έως 93,8% και η ειδικότητα από 65,0% έως 100%. Οι ειδικές για R. felis μοριακές δοκιμές εμφάνισαν 92,9% έως 100% ευαισθησία ενώ η ειδικότητα κυμάνθηκε από 65,0% έως 100%. Δυνητική υγειονομική σημασία στο μικροβίωμα των ψύλλων είχαν 33 γένη βακτηρίων και συγκεκριμένα τα Acinetobacter, Actinomyces, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Bartonella, Bifidobacterium, Brucella, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Coxiella, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Kingella, Klebsiella, Legionella, Leptotrichia, Moraxella, Morganella, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Nocardia, Pasteurella, Propionibacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Rickettsia, Salmonella, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas και Streptococcus. Η κατανομή αυτών των γενών δεν διέφερε ανά είδος ζώου ξενιστή παρά μόνο στην Bartonella spp. η οποία ανευρέθηκε συχνότερα σε ψύλλους από γάτες (OR=27,6, p<0,001). Τα γένη Coxiella, Campylobacter, Legionella, Spirochaeta, Salmonella, Brucella ανευρέθησαν μόνο σε γάτες χωρίς όμως να στοιχειοθετείται στατιστική σημαντικότητα. Τα βακτηριακά είδη υγειονομικής σημασίας ήταν 40 και περιλάμβαναν τα εξής: Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus faecalis, E. mundtii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Haemophilus aegyptius, Kingella kingae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Leptotrichia buccalis, L. hofstadii, Moraxella lacunata, Pasteurella multocida, Propionibacterium acnes, P. propionicum, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rickettsia australis, R. hoogstraalii, Salmonella enterica, και διάφορα είδη Bartonella, Staphylococcus και Streptococcus. IgG αντισώματα για B. henselae ανιχνεύθηκαν σε 14,3% και για R. typhi σε 1,0% ενώ IgG και για τα δύο παθογόνα σε 3,5% των συμμετεχόντων (Ν=202). Εντοπίστηκε θετική συσχέτιση οροθετικότητας για IgG έναντι B. henselae με κατοίκηση σε παραλιμάνια περιοχή (X2(6)=17,737, p=0,009).Από τα ευρήματα της διατριβής προκύπτει ότι οι ψύλλοι των ζώων συντροφιάς στην Αττική φέρουν σε σημαντικό ποσοστό παθογόνα βακτήρια ενώ οι ψύλλοι από γάτες είναι συχνότερα μολυσμένοι με Bartonella. Η πληθώρα βακτηρίων υγειονομικής σημασίας στους ψύλλους και η αυξημένη και πολύπτυχη διεπαφή του εντόμου αυτού με τον άνθρωπο, ωθούν σε εκτενέστερη διερεύνηση του το κατά πόσο και πως ο ψύλλος σχετίζεται με τη μετάδοση λοιμωδών παραγόντων στον άνθρωπο πέρα από τα γνωστά παθογόνα. Ο πληθυσμός της Αττικής εμφανίζει σε ένα ποσοστό έκθεση σε Bartonella και Rickettsia ενώ ιδιαίτερα για το βακτήριο της Bartonella η πιθανότητα έκθεσης είναι υψηλότερη στην περιοχή του μεγαλύτερου εμπορικού/επιβατικού λιμανιού της χώρας. Συνεπώς, θα πρέπει να ενισχυθεί η επιδημιολογική επιτήρηση και η εργαστηριακή δυνατότητα διάγνωσης για λοιμώξεις οφειλόμενες σε Rickettsia και Bartonella. Παράλληλα θα πρέπει να δοθεί ιδιαίτερη προσοχή σε βλάβες στο καρδιαγγειακό σύστημα που προκαλεί το βακτήριο της Bartonella σε βάθος χρόνου.

THE COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF COMPLEX MEDICINES, BASED ON IMIDACLOPRIDE IN ECTOPARASITOSIS OF DOGS AND CATS

The article represents data on the effectiveness of the new domestic anti-parasitic medicine «Animal VetLine antiparasitic drops for dogs and cats spot-on» in comparison to the reference-medicine «Advantage@» when used for the therapeutic and prophylactic purposes for ectoparasites of dogs and cats of different breeds. According to the results of clinical examination and parasitological examination of animals, parasitism of fleas of the Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis, Pulex irritans species at the intensity of invasion (II) from 5 to 8 specimens/10 cm2, lice Linognathus setosus at II from 1 to 3 specimens/10 cm2 of body surface, and parasitic mites of the Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus species at II from 8 to 12 specimens per animal in addition in dogs. Based on the obtained results for the study of the effectiveness of the «Animal VetLine antiparasitic drops for dogs and cats spot-on» in comparison with the reference drug «Advantage@» medicine, during the infection of dogs and cats by Ctenocephalides canis, Pulex irritans and Ctenocephalides felis fleas, Linognathus setosus lice, mites of the Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus species, was found that on the second day of treatment in the experimental and control groups of animals there was a sharp increase in the number of dead insects, ectoparasites and Ixodes mites, and on the fifth day of the study no live fleas were detected, lice and ticks. At the same time, on the second day after the usage of the experimental and reference drug, their extensile effectivity during the linognatosis of dogs and cats and syphonapterosis of cats was 100.0 %. In the experimental and control groups of dogs on the second day after usage of the experimental drug and the reference drug, the average intensity of invasion of Ctenocephalides canis and Pulex irritans decreased to 1.2±0.4 ectoparasite insects per 10 cm2 of body surface in the experimental group and to 1.4±0.4 insect ectoparasites per 10 cm2 of body surface in the control group of animals, ie the intensity of the experimental drug was 82.1 %, and the reference drug 78.5 %. The results show that the rate of intensification of the drug for exodidosis of dogs in the experimental group on the second day was – 75.0 %, and the control – 68.0 %. However, the average intensity of mite infestation of the family Ixodidae was in the experimental group 2.5±0.15 specimens per animal, and in the control group 3.0±0.21 specimens per animal, respectively. It was found that the experimental drug had no toxic effects and was well tolerated by animals no changes in clinical signs during use were detected.

Ectoparasites infesting animals living in close contact with human beings: a real trouble for One Health perspective?

ABSTRACT The number of domestic animals living with human beings is rapidly increasing in parallel with an enhanced risk of transmission of their parasites and the pathogens they might carry. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of hematophagous arthropods infesting domestic animals from Northeastern Brazil and to remark the implications of their occurrence on the epidemiology and control of selected veterinary and human diseases. From January 2017 to April 2019, ectoparasites infesting domestic cats, dogs and horses were collected for their respective hosts and identified. Overall, ectoparasites were sampled from 86 domestic animals, living in different anthropic settings. A total of 401 specimens (344 ticks and 57 fleas) were collected from different hosts [i.e., 10 (2.49%), 96 (23.94%) and 295 (73.57%) from cats, dogs and horses, respectively]. Two flea (i.e., Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides felis) and 5 tick species (i.e., Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma sculptum, Dermacentor nitens, Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) were identified. This study provides data on the ectoparasite fauna infesting domestic animals from Northeastern Brazil. The diagnosis and treatment of these parasites should not be underestimated, considering the role that hematophagous arthropods display as vectors of pathogens of medical and veterinary concern.

The prevalence and potential factors associated with ecto-parasitic infestations in Black Bengal Goats in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Background: Ecto-parasites namely ticks, lice and flea are important due to their blood sucking habit, skin damage and acting as vectors for various disease pathogens in both livestock and humans. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence and identify potential factors associated with ecto-parasitic infestations at Mymensingh sadar, Mymensingh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken during July 2019 to June 2020. The data on risk factors was recorded using a questionnaire. Ecto-parasites were collected from randomly selected 173 goats and examined by preparing permanent slides. The potential factors were identified by univariable analysis. Main results: The overall prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation was 60.1% (104/173). The identified ecto-parasites were Damalinia caprae (83, 47.9%), Linognathus stenopsis (42, 24.3%), Haemaphysalis bispinosa (36, 20.8%) and Ctenocephalides canis (16, 9.3%). Female (70.7%) goats were 2.9 times more prone to ecto-parasitic infestations than male goats (48.2%). Significantly highest infestations was recorded in adult goats (72.7%), followed by the young goats (52.7%) and the lowest in kids (46.3%). Also, prevalence was significantly (p< 0.001) higher in poor conditioned (76.4%) and anemic (72.9%) goats than that of good conditioned (34.3%) and non-anemic (44.2%) goats, respectively. Furthermore, acaricides /insecticides use in goats greatly influenced the prevalence of ecto-parasitic infestations. Prevalence was higher in those goats that never treated with acaricides and/or insecticides (70.78%) than those goats regularly treated with acaricides/insecticides (27.91%). Conclusions: A very high prevalence of ecto-parasitic infestation was recorded in goats of Mymensingh district. Farmers awareness should be increased to control ectoparasitic infestations especially in female, adult and goats with poor body condition.

Ефективність препаратів ELITE ZOO ДОГ та ELITE ZOO КЕТ на гельмінтофауну дрібних домашніх тварин

У статті наведені дані щодо ефективності застосування препаратів ELITE ZOO ДОГ та ELITE ZOO КЕТ (виробник Україна ООО фірма ПРОДУКТ) для лікування собак і котів, хворих на гельмінтози. До складу препаратів входять діючи речовини фіпроніл – 100 мг; моксидектин – 25 мг; празиквантел – 40 мг, які вважаються ефективними за кишкових паразитозів у багатьох тварин. Для визначення ефективності препаратів формували умовні групи тварин по 6 гол. в кожній. Вивчали загальний стан хворих та анамнез зі слів господарів тварин. В кожній групі були тварини, в яких перед дегельмінтизацією виявляли асоційований перебіг нематодозної та цестодозної інвазії за результатами копроовоскопічних досліджень, проведених за методом Котельникова-Хренова. У собак інтенсивність інвазії нематодами і цестодами в середньому по групі складала ,відповідно 80-87 %, а у котів 53-78 %. Препарати призначали в рекомендованих виробником дозах собакам масою тіла 1-5 кг – 0,5 мл препарату; масою тіла 5-10 кг – 1 мл, котам масою тіла 1-5 кг – 0,5 мл препарату; масою тіла 5-10 кг – 1 мл препарату. За результатами досліджень було встановлено, що при клінічному випробуванні препарату ELITE ZOO ДОГ екстенсефективність проти нематодозів собак (T. сanis) становила 100 %, а проти цестодозів (Ctenocephalides canis) 80 %. При застосуванні препарату ELITE ZOO КЕТ екстенсефективність проти нематодозів котів (T. сati) становила 100 %, а цестодозів (Ctenocephalides felis) 100 %. Дослідами доведено, що терапевтична ефективність розчину ELITE ZOO ДОГ при змішаних цестодозах склала 80-87,5 %. По результатам досліджень виявлена 100 % ефективність розчину ELITE ZOO КЕТ при лікуванні котів, інвазованих токсокарами та дипілідіями.

LAPORAN KASUS: Investasi Parasit Ancylostoma caninum, Trichuris vulpis dan Ctenocephalides canis Pada Anjing

Anjing merupakan salah satu hewan peliharaan manusia yang sering terkena infeksi parasit, baik endoparasit (helminth dan protozoa) maupun ektoparasit (kutu, caplak, pinjal dan tungau). Endoparasit yang sering dilaporkan adalah kasus helminth yaitu Ancylostomiasis, Toxocariasis, Dipylidiasis, Trichuriasis dan Nekatoriasis. Sedangkan ektoparasit khusunya pinjal yang sering ditemui adalah Ctenocephalides canis. Metode yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi adanya cacing adalah pemeriksaan feses secara natif dan apung serta perhitungan Mc Master Chamber untuk mengetahui derajat keparahan infeksi cacing. Pemeriksaan pinjal dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi preparat basah ektoparasit. Hasil pemeriksaan feses secara apung didapatkan telur cacing Ancylostoma caninum dan Trichuris vulpis. Ektoparasit yang didapat setelah pemeriksaan laboratorik adalah pinjal Ctenocephalides canis. Pengobatan yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi penyakit helminth adalah dengan pemberian obat cacing sedangkan untuk penyakit pinjal dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian obat tetes pinjal. Pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian obat cacing secara rutin dan menjaga kebersihan kandang dan lingkungan anjing.