Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes—An Update on Current Understanding and Future Perspectives

US Neurology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Grisold ◽  
Bruno Giometto ◽  
Stefan Oberndorfer ◽  
Roberta Vitaliani ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Immunological Relationship ◽  
Myasthenic Syndrome ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Onconeuronal Antibodies ◽  
Autoimmune Pathogenesis ◽  
First Time

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are remote effects of tumors on the nervous system. They can strike at single or at multiple sites of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system, and often appear before the detection of cancer. PNS can be disabling and debilitating and may be either an additional burden to cancer or the cause of death. The PNS Euronetwork group has collected a series of approximately 1,000 patients in several European centers. This study is the largest systematic series of patients with PNS and, for the first time, can answer questions about the most frequent PNS, their detailed symptoms, associated antibodies, and the types of underlying tumors. The clinical course and laboratory findings for many PNS suggest an autoimmune pathogenesis; however, research into this heterogeneous immunological relationship has been evolving over recent decades. The classic syndromes are antigen-target-oriented syndromes such as myasthenia gravis (MG), Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), and ion channel-mediated diseases. Onconeuronal antibodies constitute a large group of PNS, characterized by the appearance of specific antibodies, defined clinical signs and often an association with specific tumors. In recent years, a new group of antibodies directed at surface antigens as receptors has been identified. Finally, there is a long list of ‘other’ PNS, which are evident to clinicians but which have no pathogenetic explanation. Examples include the mild terminal neuropathies and sarcopenia in cancer patients. In addition to the emerging classification based on pathophysiology, other new syndromes and symptoms have appeared, including apnea in brainstem encephalitis, a neuropsychiatric spectrum of limbic encephalitis, and increased knowledge about LEMS. Two important aspects warrant attention: some PNS respond to therapy and not all paraneoplastic-like syndromes are tumor related. This view is based on the current understanding of immune pathogenesis and on the enlarged spectrum of PNS.

Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes - An Update on Current Understanding and Future Perspectives

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Grisold ◽  
Bruno Giometto ◽  
Stefan Oberndorfer ◽  
Roberta Vitaliani ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Immunological Relationship ◽  
Myasthenic Syndrome ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Onconeuronal Antibodies ◽  
Autoimmune Pathogenesis ◽  
First Time

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are remote effects of tumours on the nervous system. They can strike at single or at multiple sites of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system, and often appear before the detection of cancer. PNS can be disabling and debilitating and may be either an additional burden to cancer or the cause of death. The PNS Euronetwork group has collected a series of approximately 1,000 patients in several European centres. This study is the largest systematic series of patients with PNS and, for the first time, can answer questions about the most frequent PNS, their detailed symptoms, associated antibodies and the types of underlying tumours. The clinical course and laboratory findings for many PNS suggest an autoimmune pathogenesis; however research into this heterogeneous immunological relationship has been evolving over recent decades. The classical syndromes are antigen-target-oriented syndromes such as myasthenia gravis (MG), Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) and ion channelmediated diseases. Onconeuronal antibodies constitute a large group of PNS, characterised by the appearance of specific antibodies, defined clinical signs and often an association with specific tumours. In recent years, a new group of antibodies directed at surface antigens as receptors has been identified. Finally there is a long list of ‘other’ PNS, which are evident to clinicians but which have no pathogenetic explanation. Examples include the mild terminal neuropathies and sarcopoenia in cancer patients. In addition to the emerging classification based on pathophysiology, other new syndromes and symptoms have appeared, including apnoea in brainstem encephalitis, a neuropsychiatric spectrum of limbic encephalitis and increased knowledge about LEMS. Two important aspects warrant attention: some PNS respond to therapy and not all paraneoplastic-like syndromes are tumour related. This view is based on the current understanding of immune pathogenesis and on the enlarged spectrum of PNS.

scholarly journals Presence of amastigotes in the central nervous system of hamsters infected with Leishmania sp.

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisangela de Oliveira ◽  
Elisa Teruya Oshiro ◽  
Rebeca Vieira Pinto ◽  
Bruna Corrêa de Castro ◽  
Karla Borges Daniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Direct Examination ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Animal House ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
The Brain

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe chronic disease caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Better knowledge on the effects caused by this disease can help develop adequate clinical management and treatment. Parasitological and immunohistochemical studies were performed golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus infected with bone marrow from individuals with VL in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, central-west Brazil. The effects of parasitism in the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, heart and brain of the animals were examined. Eighteen hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally, and six healthy animals were used as negative controls. The animals were kept in the animal house and checked for clinical signs. Specimens of each organ were examined for the presence of amastigotes. Immunohistochemical technique was performed in all brain specimens and organs negative on the direct examination of parasites. Direct examination of amastigotes was positive in the spleen and liver of all infected animals; 33.3% showed the parasite in the kidneys and lungs, and 16.7% in the heart. Parasitic forms were seen in 83.3% (15/18) of the brain examined. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the results of the direct examination, except in two specimens of lung tissue and in the brain specimens. Other studies are needed to further clarify the effect of the parasite in the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Drugs modulating the L-arginine:NO:cGMP pathway – current use in therapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Polakowska ◽  
Jolanta Orzelska-Gorka ◽  
Sylwia Talarek
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pharmacological Profiles

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is a relatively novel messenger that plays a significant role in a wide range of physiological processes. Currently, it is known that, both, lack and excess of NO can cause diseases, thus a lot of substances have been discovered and utilized which can change the concentration of this molecule within the organism. The aim of the present work is to provide an overview of currently used agents modulating the L-arginine:NO:cGMP pathway, as well as to summarize current understanding of their pharmacological profiles. Nowadays, most of these agents are employed particularly in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Further studies can hold promise for enhancing the therapeutic equipment for a variety of other impairments, such as osteoporosis, and also in treatments of the central nervous system.

Clinical and neurosonographic signs of c entral nervous system in newborns

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (30) ◽  
pp. 97-100
Author(s):  
Хетагурова ◽  
Yuliana Khetagurova ◽  
Ревазова ◽  
Asya Revazova ◽  
Бораева ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Moderate Severity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Significant Mortality

Despite of significant progress in the development of technologies of clinical monitoring and the fetus and newborn pathology study, perinatal asphyxia or, more accurately – cerebral ischemia (CI) remain serious condition, causing significant mortality and long-term morbidity. Chi-acquired syndrome characterized by clinical and laboratory signs of acute brain injury due to asphyxia (ie, hypoxia, acidosis). The paper reflects the main clinical signs and neurosonographic lesion of the Central nervous system (CNS) in neonatal newborn infants with different gestational age who underwent CI mild to moderate severity.

scholarly journals A Neuropathy in Goats Caused by Experimental Coyotillo (Karwinskia humboldtiana) Poisoning

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Charlton ◽  
K. R. Pierce ◽  
R. W. Storts ◽  
C. H. Bridges
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Axonal Dystrophy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Oral Doses

Twenty-two goats were poisoned with daily oral doses of ground coyotillo fruits and were killed at various times after the first day of dosing. The morphologic features and distribution of lesions in the central nervous system were studied by light microscopy. An axonal dystrophy occurred in several of the goats given high daily doses. Swellings occurred along axons of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and in the white matter of the spinal cord. There was a fairly close correlation between the occurrence of clinical signs suggestive of the neocerebellar syndrome and the occurrence and distribution of lesions in the cerebellum.

scholarly journals RYEGRASS STAGGERS: CLINICAL, PATHOLOGICAL AND AETIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

1983 ◽  
pp. 230-233
Author(s):  
P.H. Mortimer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasitic Fungus ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Biochemical Lesion ◽  
The Central Nervous System

This paper briefly introduces animal disease aspects of ryegrass staggers IFiGS) and describes the occurence and the clinical signs of the disease. Recent suggestions for the production of a reversible biochemical lesion in the central nervous system are mentioned in relation to the apparent lack of specific morphological lesions found in sheep. The recent isolation of novel potent neurotoxins, the lolitrems, from toxic pasture material is reviewed. There is now strong circumstantial evidence that the lolitrems produce the neurotoxic disease of RGS and also that the lolitrems are elaborated in the close association of perennial ryegrass with its parasitic fungus, Lolium endophyte, in pastures. Under what conditions the lolitrems are produced, or their precise locus within the association, are not yet known.

scholarly journals Neurologic and Inflammatory Manifestations in Sjögren’s Syndrome: The Role of Tryptophan/kynurenine Pathway

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiola Reis Oliveira ◽  
Marina Zilio Fantucci ◽  
Leidiane Adriano ◽  
Valeria Valim ◽  
Thiago Mattar Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurotransmission ◽  
Autonomic Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Symptoms And Signs ◽  
Cognitive Alterations

For decades, neurologic and other extra glandular manifestations have been described in Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). More recently, neuropathic, psychological and cognitive alterations are being considered part of the disease. The lacrimal glands (LG), the ocular surface (OS), salivary glands (SG) and the central nervous system (CNS) are integrated to modulate the autonomic functions and, not just those organs, but also the hippocampus, which is linked to the autonomic nervous system, and modulate behavior responses appears to be compromised in the SS. Recent studies confirm that the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway (TKP) can be stimulated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and other cytokines, activating the indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in SS. This pathway interferes on serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, mostly in the hippocampus, and other structures of the CNS. Although not demonstrated, it is plausible that this constant interference induces clinical signs of SS, and contributes to the discrepancy between symptoms and signs, towards manifestations of hyperalgesia and depression in patients with SS. Therapeutic strategies are being reexamined and new options designed and tested to regulate the involved steps of the TKP. In the future, the application of this concept may offer a clue to the mosaic of manifestations of SS.

scholarly journals A role for viral infections in Parkinson’s etiology?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Olsen ◽  
Eilis Dowd ◽  
Declan P. McKernan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Despite over 200 years since its first description by James Parkinson, the cause(s) of most cases of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are yet to be elucidated. The disparity between the current understanding of PD symptomology and pathology has led to numerous symptomatic therapies, but no strategy for prevention or disease cure. An association between certain viral infections and neurodegenerative diseases has been recognized, but largely ignored or dismissed as controversial, for decades. Recent epidemiological studies have renewed scientific interest in investigating microbial interactions with the central nervous system (CNS). This review examines past and current clinical findings and overviews the potential molecular implications of viruses in PD pathology.

Extravascular foci ofTrypanosoma vivaxin goats: the central nervous system and aqueous humor of the eye as potential sources of relapse infections after chemotherapy

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Whitelaw ◽  
P. R. Gardiner ◽  
M. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
The Central Nervous System

SUMMARYRelapse of parasitaemia after drug treatment of trypanosome infections is normally attributed to drug-resistance on the part of the parasite, under-dosage of the drug or reinfection of the host. In addition, inaccessibility of parasites to drug through sequestration in privileged extravascular sites has been shown in the past to occur withTrypanosoma brucei, and we have obtained evidence that extravascular foci ofT. vivaxcan also serve as a source of relapsing infections. Infection of goats with a West African stock ofT. vivaxresulted in severe illness, which was fatal if untreated. During the terminal stage of an acute infection, clinical signs of central nervous system involvement were apparent. Histologically, the choroid plexus was swollen and oedematous, and in some cases meningitis or meningoencephalitis was seen. Trypanosomes could be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid, and also extravascularly in the choroid plexus and meninges. In three cases they were present in the aqueous humor, associated with corneal cloudiness or opacity. Treatment of 2 goats with the trypanocidal drug diminazene aceturate eliminated parasitaemia, but infections in both relapsed about 6 weeks later, despite trypanosomes being undetectable in the bloodstream during the intervening period. We conclude that the relapse infections were caused by re-emergence of trypanosomes from the CNS and/or the eye, where sequestered parasites may have been inaccessible to the trypanocide.

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