NUMERICAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY INSERTING DIFFERENT SIZE BALLS INSIDE TUBE

In this paper, the challenge is to increasing of the heat exchanger performance by placing different size balls inside the tubes. the development of previous studies to enhance relatively bad case of heat transfer where the inserting (a large ball and then a small ball) to collide the water molecules in the ball and generate turbulent flow (Reynolds number range from 50,000 to 350,000) and thus increase the thermal performance due to collision of particles with the inner casing of the tube and reduce the stagnation near the wall. The usefulness of small ball, after the big ball, is Reduce of gets wake flow. A simulation was made when changing the diameter ratio of big to small ball (Dr = 3, 4, 5). Also, the distance between the big ball and the small ball was changed (X = 2, 3, 5) mm. It was concluded that the best ball diameter ratio and best Distance is (Dr= D_b/D_sb = 5), (X = 3 mm), respectively. The pressure drop acts as a side effect of enhancement. Therefore, the method of equal pumping was adopted. The average thermal performance factor (TPF=1.178) of tube with insert the balls enhanced by 17.8% at (x=3mm) and (Dr=5) when compared with smooth tube.

Catalyzed baryogenesis

A novel mechanism, “catalyzed baryogenesis”, is proposed to explain the observed baryon asymmetry in our universe. In this mechanism, the motion of a ball-like catalyst provides the necessary out-of-equilibrium condition, its outer wall has CP-violating interactions with the Standard Model particles, and its interior has baryon number violating interactions. We use the electroweak-symmetric ball model as an example of such a catalyst. In this model, electroweak sphalerons inside the ball are active and convert baryons into leptons. The observed baryon number asymmetry can be produced for a light ball mass and a large ball radius. Due to direct detection constraints on relic balls, we consider a scenario in which the balls evaporate, leading to dark radiation at testable levels.

Pemilihan Materi Pembelajaran PJOK oleh Guru Pendidikan Jasmani Olahraga dan Kesehatan di SMA Sederajat

The purpose of this study was to determine the selection of physical and health physical education learning materials in class X by PJOK teachers and determine the constraints or obstacles that occur in the learning process. This study uses a quantitative descriptive survey research method with research subjects 6 high school class X PJOK teachers equivalent in Turen District. Data collection used using non-test instruments, namely questionnaires and interviews. Research data from questionnaire items were changed to percentage form. The percentage of basic competence of large ball games is 60 percent, the percentage of small ball games is 31 percent, the athletic percentage is 46 percent, the percentage of martial arts is 12.5 percent, the percentage of physical fitness is 42 percent, the percentage of dexterity exercises get a percentage of 39 percent, the percentage of rhythmic gymnastics 17 percent, the percentage of water activity is 19 percent, the percentage of a healthy lifestyle results in a percentage of 58 percent, the percentage of drug and drug hazards is 68 percent. It was concluded that the PJOK teachers of class X in Turen sub-district as a whole had "chosen" the material to be taught but the learning was adapted to the facilities and infrastructure, and teacher competence. Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pemilihan materi pembelajaran pendidikan jasmani olahraga dan kesehatan di kelas X oleh guru PJOK dan mengetahui kendala atau hambatan yang terjadi dalam proses pembelajarannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian survei deskriptif kuantitatif dengan subjek penelitian 6 guru PJOK kelas X tingkat SMA sederajat Se Kecamatan Turen. Pengumpulan data yang digunakan menggunakan instrumen non tes yaitu angket dan wawancara. Data hasil penelitian dari butir-butir angket diubah menjadi bentuk persentase. Persentase kompetensi dasar permainan bola besar sejumlah 60 persen, persentase permainan bola kecil sejumlah 31 persen, persentase atletik sejumlah 46 persen, persentase beladiri sejumlah 12.5 persen, persentase kebugaran jasmani sejumlah 42 persen, persentase senam ketangkasan mendapatkan hasil persentase sejumlah 39 persen, persentase senam ritmik sejumlah 17 persen, persentase aktivitas air sejumlah 19 persen, persentase pola hidup sehat mendapatkan hasil persentase sejumlah 58 persen, persentase bahaya narkoba dan napza sejumlah 68 persen. Disimpulkan bahwa guru PJOK kelas X Se Kecamatan Turen secara keseluruhan “telah memilih” materi yang akan diajarkan namun pembelajaran menyesuaikan dengan sarana dan prasarana, dan kompetensi guru.

Lethality of Honey Bee Stings to Heavy Armored Hornets

The heat ball defense of honey bees against their sympatric hornet predators is a classic and spectacular outcome of a co-evolutionary race. Hundreds of bees can encapsulate a hornet within a large ball that kills it with elevated heat. However, the role of stinging in this defense has been discounted, even though sting venom is an important weapon in bees. Surprisingly, no studies have tested the role of bee sting venom alone or in conjunction with elevated temperature on hornet survival. We surveyed dead Vespa velutina hornets found near and inside Apis cerana colonies and found stings retained in hornet bodies, most often in an intersegmental neck-like region, the veracervix. Experimentally stinging hornets in this region with A. cerana and Apis mellifera guards significantly increased hornet mortality. The combination of sting venom and elevated heat ball temperature (44 °C) was the most lethal, although there was no synergistic interaction between sting venom and temperature. As expected, hornet mortality increased when they were stung more often. The average amount of venom per insect species and the length of stinger lancets correlated with insect mass. Sting venom thus remains important in the arms race between bees and their hornet predators.

Enhancement of Board Level Reliability on Automotive DRAM Package by Optimized Thermal & Mechanical Properties

As increased in demand for using memory devices in automotive applications, board level reliability (BLR) has been the one of the critical issue for using FBGA type packages in automotive. The required specification of BLR is listed in various standards (AEC-Q100, Q104 etc) and it is varied by automotive application customers. Most of customers are targeting grade from 1 to 3, however, requirement to memory package is grade 1 (−40°C~125°C). Currently low power (LP) memory device is widely adopted in automotive applications due to its wide bandwidth and high density capability. From package reliability point of view, it is challenge to satisfy the required BLR for target package by 1) dimension optimization, 2) selection of material, 3) mount condition, and 4) work around method. In this paper, the best combination to achieve the highest BLR life time was investigated compared with current mobile application LP4 package. Large pad size with large ball, high content of Ag in solder ball and Ni/Au pad finish were the best combination to result in the longest life time. Various density of LP4 package BLR were also estimated by mechanical simulation based from actual thermal cycling test on the highest Si volume LP4 package.

Asymptotics for the Nodal Components of Non-Identically Distributed Monochromatic Random Waves

We study monochromatic random waves on ${\mathbb{R}}^n$ defined by Gaussian variables whose variances tend to zero sufficiently fast. This has the effect that the Fourier transform of the monochromatic wave is an absolutely continuous measure on the sphere with a suitably smooth density, which connects the problem with the scattering regime of monochromatic waves. In this setting, we compute the asymptotic distribution of the nodal components of random monochromatic waves, showing that the number of nodal components contained in a large ball $B_R$ grows asymptotically like $R/\pi $ with probability $p_n>0$ and is bounded uniformly in $R$ with probability $1-p_n$ (which is positive if and only if $n\geqslant 3$). In the latter case, we show the existence of a unique noncompact nodal component. We also provide an explicit sufficient stability criterion to ascertain when a more general Gaussian probability distribution has the same asymptotic nodal distribution law.

Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Autoplay Media Studio untuk Siswa SMP

<div align="center"><table width="645" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="439"><p class="Abstrak"><strong>Abstract:</strong> The purpose of this research and development is to produce a physical education learning product for large ball material for 7th grade junior high school. The development of physical education for large ball material for 7th grade junior high school researchers used a multimedia development model developed by Lee &amp; Owen. The results of the study on the validation of physical education learning experts obtained a percentage of 76.12% is quite valid, quite effective, quite complete, can be used but need minor improvements. The results of the research on material expert validation obtained a percentage of 94.70% very valid. While the overall average of media expert validation obtained a percentage of 94.38% is very valid. For small group trials conducted by distributing questionnaires to 20 students of Lumajang Middle School 5. The results of small group trials found that the average percentage of 94.63% was very valid. The large group trial was conducted by distributing questionnaires to 90 students of SMP Negeri 1 Lumajang, SMP 1 Sukodono and SMP Negeri 5 Lumajang. The results of a large group trial found that the average percentage of 90.02% was very valid. Overall, the research and development products are very valid and can be used as learning media.</p><p class="Abstrak"><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Tujuan penelitian dan pengembangan ini adalah untuk menghasilkan sebuah produk pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani materi bola besar untuk SMP kelas VII. Pengembangan pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani materi bola besar untuk SMP kelas VII, peneliti menggunakan model pengembangan multimedia yang dikembangkan oleh Lee &amp; Owen. Hasil penelitian pada validasi ahli pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani diperoleh persentase 76,12% cukup valid, cukup efektif, cukup tuntas, dapat digunakan namun perlu perbaikan kecil. Hasil dari penelitian pada validasi ahli materi diperoleh persentase 94,70% sangat valid. Rata-rata keseluruhan dari validasi ahli media diperoleh persentase 94,38% sangat valid. Uji coba kelompok kecil dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuesioner kepada 20 siswa SMP Negeri 5 Lumajang. Hasil dari uji coba kelompok kecil didapat persentase rata-rata sebesar 94,63% sangat valid. Uji coba kelompok besar dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuesioner kepada 90 siswa SMP Negeri 1 Lumajang, SMP Negeri 1 Sukodono dan SMP Negeri 5 Lumajang. Hasil dari uji coba kelompok besar didapat persentase rata-rata sebesar 90,02% sangat valid. Secara keseluruhan, produk penelitian dan pengembangan ini sangat valid dan dapat digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran.<strong></strong></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

Implementasi media interaktif untuk meningkatkan pemahaman pengenalan permainan bola tangan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan media interaktif sebagai cara meningkatkan pemahaman siswa sekolah menengah untuk materi pengenalan permainan bola tangan. Metode penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (Classroom Action Research) yang meliputi tahap perencanaan (planning), tahap pelaksanaan (action), tahap observasi (observation), dan tahap refleksi (reflection). Siklus penelitian terdiri dari dua siklus yang masing-masing siklus terdiri dari dua pertemuan. Tehnik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara melakukan pengamatan di lapangan (observasi), wawancara dan dokumentasi. Instrumen yang digunakan penilaian yang meliputi aspek afektif, kognitif dan psikomotor. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskripsi kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah (1) pemahaman siswa terhadap pengenalan yang meliputi tujuan permainan (afektif, kognitif dan psikomotor), unsur dan indikator dalam permainan, teknik dasar permainan bola tangan, alat yang digunakan dalam permainan, durasi permainan dan peraturan pelaksanaan permainan dari pra siklus ke siklus I meningkat mencapai 9%, (2) pencapaian peningkatan pemahaman siswa pada siklus I dan siklus II mencapai 34% (3) efektifitas pembelajaran pendidikan jasmani mengunakan media interaktif masuk dalam kategori “baik”. Bola tangan diajarkan kepada siswa sekolah berdasarkan kompetensi dasar permainan bola besar, pada penelitian ini bola tangan masih belum dikenalkan pada materi sebelumnya, untuk itu penggunaan media sangat dianjurkan selain memberi penekanan pada teori juga memberikan gambaran dasar serta praktek langsung sebagai jenis aktivitas gerak yang menunjang pendidikan jasmani di sekolah. Interactive media as understanding optimization handball game AbstractThis study aimed at improving the understanding of the introduction and effectiveness of interactive media on the introduction of handball games to middle school students. This research was Classroom Action Research includeing steps such as planning, implementation, action, and reflection phases. The research cycle consisted of two cycles, each cycle consisting of two meetings. Data collection techniques were carried out by observing, interviewing and documenting. The instruments were assessment instruments covering affective, cognitive and psychomotor aspects. Analysis of the data used is a qualitative description. The results of this study were (1) students' understanding of the introduction that includes the objectives of the game (affective, cognitive and psychomotor), elements and indicators in the game, the basic techniques of handball games, the tools used in the game, the duration of the game and the rules for implementing the game from pre-cycle to the first cycle increased to 9%, (2) the achievement of increased understanding of students in the first cycle and second cycle reached 34% (3) the effectiveness of physical education learning using interactive media included in the "good" category. The hand ball is taught to school students based on the basic competencies of large ball games, in this study handball has not been introduced to the previous material, for that the use of media is highly recommended in addition to emphasizing the theory as well as providing a basic picture and direct practice as a type of motion activity that supports education physical at school.