Semi-Manual Processing Of Blood Clamps Waste into Chitosan Powder

Blood clams (Anadara granosa) are endemic clams found in Southeast Asia and East Asia. Blood clams are widely consumed by the public as seafood dishes in coastal food stalls. The great potential of blood clams will increase the waste of clam shells produced. The accumulation of shellfish waste will cause pollution and reduce environmental aesthetics. The chitin content in blood clam shells can be used as chitosan. Chitosan is a polymer of -(1-4) glucosamine which is formed when the acetyl group in chitin is substituted by hydrogen to become an amine group. Chitosan has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Isolation of chitosan was carried out through the stages of demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. The limited use of laboratories during the pandemic is a major obstacle in the isolation process of chitosan. This study aims to process blood clam shell waste into chitosan in a simple way on a home scale. Processing includes deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation were done using tools and materials available at home. Laboratory equipment such as beakers could be replaced with pots, the reflux process was replaced by using a cloth to filter, and measuring cups were replaced with glasses. The research used 1500 grams of blood clam shell powder and produced 1050 grams of white chitosan with a slightly hard texture

THE EXISTENCE OF MANGROVE IN BELO LAUT VILLAGE, BANGKA BARAT, BANGKA BELITUNG ISLANDS IN PERCEPTION BLOOD CLAM CULTIVATION

Belo Laut Village has 3,337 ha of mangrove potential spread over three hamlet areas, namely Belo Laut, Tanjung Punai, and Sukal. On the muddy beaches around the mangroves, the community has developed extensive cultivation of blood clams (Anadara granusa). The existence of cultivation in mangrove areas also has the potential to affect the existence of mangroves in the area. For this reason, it is necessary to know the perception of shellfish cultivators on mangroves and the reality of the condition of mangroves in Belo Laut Village so as to provide an overview of the potential for mangrove destruction due to Blood Clam cultivation. Data were collected by interviewing shellfish farmers in Sukal and Tanjung Punai Hamlets. The production of blood clam cultivation has become a new source of economy in Belo Laut Village which is carried out by almost all family heads in Sukal and Tanjung Punai Hamlets. The community considers that the mangroves in Belo Laut village had not changed in quantity and there was no indication of their use other than for tourism. The perception and understanding of shellfish farmers not to disturb the mangroves were based on the protection of their main source of income as shrimp and crab fishermen.

Molecular Characterization and Expression of the LAP3 Gene and Its Association with Growth Traits in the Blood Clam Tegillarca granosa

Leucine aminopeptidase 3 (LAP3) is a metallopeptidase that cleaves N-terminal residues and is involved in protein maturation and degradation. In this study, we characterized the leucine aminopeptidase 3 (LAP3) gene from Tegillarca granosa (Tg-LAP3 for short), which appeared to consist of 15,731 nucleotides encoding 530 amino acids. We identified 12 introns and 13 exons in the Tg-LAP3 gene, suggesting a highly conserved genomic structure. The proximal promoter sequence consists of 1922 bps with a typical TATA box structure, which is the general structural characteristic of core promoters in eukaryotes. We found two functional domains in the Tg-LAP3 protein, including an N-terminal domain (41–174aa) and a peptidase_M17 catalytic domain (209–522aa). Multiple alignment showed that Tg-LAP3 shares 73.4% identity with LAP3 of Mizuhopecten yessoensis and 55.2–70.7% identity with LAP3 of other species. Quantitative analysis of Tg-LAP3 in embryos/larvae and adult tissues indicated that the highest expression occurred in eyebot larva, with limited expression in other stages; among tissues, the highest expression was found in the liver (p < 0.05). Association analysis found that three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (g.-488A > G, g.-1123C > T, and g.-1304C > A) in the proximal promoter were successfully typed, but there was no significant difference in growth traits (body weight, shell length, shell width, and shell height) among these genotypes. The results of our study demonstrate the functional roles of the Tg-LAP3 gene and provide valuable information for molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) of the blood clam.

Kondisi Biometrik Kerang Darah, Tegillarca granosa, di Pesisir Pantai Utara Kota Banda Aceh

The blood clam, Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the economically important aquatic organisms. Therefore, information related to biometric conditions is crucial as preventive and responsive efforts to manage blood clams. This study aims to analyze the biometric condition of blood clams collected from the northern coast of Banda Aceh City. Blood-clam samples were collected from three locations, namely Alue Naga, Tibang, and Deah Raya. A total of 300 blood clams were observed. The biometric parameters included the distribution of length and weight classes, the relationship between length and weight, condition factors, ratios, and correlations between total weight, meat weight, and shell weight were measured. The results showed that the majority of blood clams found in Deah Raya were in the smaller length and weight classes (30-32 mm and 12,25-17,24 g) compared to those found in Alue Naga (33-35 mm and 17,25-22,24 g) and Tibang (42-44 mm and 22,25-27,24 g). Despite having identical growth patterns (negative allometric) and condition-factor values, the blood clams collected from Alue Naga had higher meat weight ratios than those collected from the other two locations. The correlation values between the weight of the meat and the total weight of the blood clams collected from Deah Raya tends to be lower than those of blood clams obtained from Alue Naga and Tibang, which are 0,55; 0,81; and 0,78, respectively. Keywords: biometric, environmental factor, Deah Raya

Acute benzo[a]pyrene exposure induced oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and epigenetic change in blood clam Tegillarca granosa

The blood clam (Tegillarca granosa) is being developed into a model bivalve mollusc for assessing and monitoring marine pollution on the offshore seabed. However, the information on the response of blood clam to PAHs, an organic pollutant usually deposited in submarine sediment, remains limited. Herein, we employed multiple biomarkers, including histological changes, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and global DNA methylation, to investigate the effects of 10 and 100 μg/L Bap exposure on the blood clams under laboratory conditions, as well as the potential mechanisms. Acute Bap exposure can induce significant morphological abnormalities in gills as shown through hematoxylin–eosin (H.E) staining, providing an intuitive understanding on the effects of Bap on the structural organization of the blood clams. Meanwhile, the oxidative stress was significantly elevated as manifested by the increase of antioxidants activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST), lipid peroxidation (LPO) level and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content. The neurotoxicity was also strengthened by Bap toxicity manifested as inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities. In addition, the global DNA methylation level was investigated, and a significant DNA hypomethylation was observed in Bap exposed the blood clam. The correlation analysis showed that the global DNA methylation was negatively correlated with antioxidants (SOD, CAT and POD) activities, but positively correlated choline enzymes (AChE and ChAT) activities. These results collectively suggested that acute Bap exposure can cause damage in gills structures in the blood clam possibly by generating oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, and the global DNA methylation was inhibited to increase the transcriptional expression level of antioxidants genes and consequently elevate antioxidants activities against Bap toxicity. These results are hoped to shed some new light on the study of ecotoxicology effect of PAHs on marine bivalves.

Application Education as a Place to Increase Community Income During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Parungponteng

Blood clams (Anadara granosa) are endemic clams found in Southeast Asia and East Asia. Blood clams are widely consumed by the public as seafood dishes in coastal food stalls. The great potential of blood clams will increase the waste of clam shells produced. The accumulation of shellfish waste will cause pollution and reduce environmental aesthetics. The chitin content in blood clam shells can be used as chitosan. Chitosan is a polymer of -(1-4) glucosamine which is formed when the acetyl group in chitin is substituted by hydrogen to become an amine group. Chitosan has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Isolation of chitosan was carried out through the stages of demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. The limited use of laboratories during the pandemic is a major obstacle in the isolation process of chitosan. This study aims to process blood clam shell waste into chitosan in a simple way on a home scale. Processing includes deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation were done using tools and materials available at home. Laboratory equipment such as beakers could be replaced with pots, the reflux process was replaced by using a cloth to filter, and measuring cups were replaced with glasses. The research used 1500 grams of blood clam shell powder and produced 1050 grams of white chitosan with a slightly hard texture.