Test of Serum Immunoglobulin (Ig) of Newborn Kids by Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate

Because goats grow fast and produce a lot of meat and milk, interest in raising goats is increasing day by day. Especially here, it is very important to do scientific specification management for goat kids. Due to the failure of scientific specification management of the goat kids, the rate of death in the early stages of growth development is more than 20%, and it often does not guarantee the standard body weight of the candidate goat by affecting the pre- and post-natal stages. In particular, it is important to scientifically establish the colostrum recycling technology in the early stages of development, as newborn goats do not have the physiological function of producing and recycling the immune system on their own. Paper introduced a new method for evaluating the level of lactic acidity that easily tests serum Ig in field conditions in newborn goat kids, and newly assessed the biological relationship between the serum level and the ability to grow.

OIL QUANTITY ANALYSIS OF LAVENDULA OFFICINALIS CHAIX. GROWN ACROSS ASHMIR VALLEY

Essential oils (EOs) are volatile, natural, complex compounds characterized by a strong odour and are formed by aromatic plants as secondary metabolites. The essential oil of Lavendula officinalis was extracted using hydrodistillation process. Hydro-Distillation is potentially a very useful method to extract essential oil from various plants and from their different parts. The principle of extraction is based on the isotropic distillation. The yield is dependent on various parameters like weight of raw material, volume of water, size of raw material and nature of raw material. Samples from aerial parts of three Lavendula ecotypes were analyzed for essential oil content to find out as to which ecotype excels in oil content and which ecotype gave the minimum essential oil output. Air dried leafy stalks and stems of L. officinalis were taken and submitted to Hydro distillation for 4 hrs using Clevenger type apparatus. Briefly, the samples were immersed in water and heated to boiling, after which the essential oil was evaporated together with water vapour and finally collected in a condenser. The distillates (EOs) were isolated and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. The oils were stored in the sealed vials at 2°C for further studies. Each extraction was performed at least three times. The oil content was determined on an oil volume to tissue weight basis. Estimated oil content was lowest in Srinagar ecotype to a highest in Pulwama ecotype. Pulwama ecotype was followed by Budgam ecotype. This could be due to the variation in altitude and location.

Composition and characterization by GC-MS of the essential oil extracted from Nicotiana glauca Graham

Fresh leaves of N. glauca were collected from the northern region of Tunisia. The leaves were submitted to water distillation for 4 h, using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The obtained essential oils were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and after filtration, stored at 4 °C until use. The chemical composition of the isolated essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Eighteen compounds were identified: eugenol, the major compound in the essential oil, was present at a high level (58.49%), followed by nonadecane, eugenyl acetate and tridecane, 3-methyl at 6.38; 5.57 and 5.19%, respectively. The percentage of compounds dodecane, 2, 6, 11 trimethyl, tetradecane, docosane, tricosane and 1, 2-benzene dicarboxilic, dibutyl ester varied between 1 and 2%; whereas the other compounds (including limonene, and saturated hydrocarbons) remained at low percentages, not exceeding 1%. This study could be very useful for the characterization, pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications of the essential oil from N. glauca.

Modification of Natural Anhydrite by Mixed Exciter

The objective of this experimental work was to monitor the influence of applied external exciter on anhydrite obtained properties. As a basic raw material anhydrite imported from Poland was used, as hydration exciter a mixture of anhydrous sodium sulphate and Portland cement CEM I 42.5 R in total dose of 5 % by anhydrite weight was applied. In the first step the anhydrite underwent the setting of mineralogical composition using the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and monitoring of grain size and shape by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the next step the influence of applied mixing exciter on obtained basic technological properties according to standard CSN EN 13454 was monitored. It was the setting of basic technological properties of anhydrite binder with and without addition of the mixing external exciter and also the setting of strengths of standard anhydrite mortar with addition of external mixing exciter. Upon the obtained values the comparison with technical requirements of the standard for calcium sulphate binders was carried out and this anhydrite mortar was classified as well.

Determination of illegal dyes in eggs by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry

A multiresidue method for simultaneous determination of 10 dyes unauthorised for the use in laying hens was developed (Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan IV, Sudan Red G, Sudan Orange G, Sudan Red 7B, Para-Red, Toluidine Red, Citrus Red). The dyes were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile in the presence of anhydrous sodium sulphate, and cleaned using zirconium coated silica cartridges. After dilution with acetonitrile saturated with hexane:DMSO (8:2), samples were analysed using LC-MS/MS system with acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% formic acid (B) as a mobile phase in a gradient mode and C18 analytical column. The method was validated according to the requirements described in the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC: linearity (r ≥ 0.998), precision: repeatability (1.94%-10.02%), and within-laboratory reproducibility (4.66%-8.89%), recovery (97%-105%), decision limit CCα (5.33-6.50 μg/kg), and detection capability CCβ (6.18-7.50 μg/kg) were calculated. The developed method fulfilled all performance criteria and can be used in the official survey of dyes residues in food of animal origin.

Determination of herbicides residues in soil by small scale extraction

Herbicides such as trifluralin, simazine, atrazine, metribuzin and metolachlor are used in Brazilian agriculture. The efficiency of a small scale method for determination of these herbicides and two degradation products (deisopropylatrazine and deethylatrazine) in soil samples was evaluated. The compounds were extracted from soil samples (5 g) with 20 ml of ethyl acetate in a mechanical shaker for 50 min. Following the extraction, the supernatant was dried through anhydrous sodium sulphate, concentrated and analysed by high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) with thermionic specific detection (TSD). Mean recoveries obtained from soil samples fortified at three different levels ranged from 81 to 115% with relative standard deviation (RSD) values varying from 1.2 to 12.7%. The method detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.06 mg kg-1. The methodology was applied using soil samples from farms located near the town of Araraquara, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Isolation of the Geminal Bis(amido) Derivative, N4P4(NH2)2Cl6, from the Reaction of N4P4Cl8 with Ammonia

Geminal Bis (amido)hexachlorocyclotetra -phosphazene, Aqueous Ammonia Synthesis, 31P NMR The geminal isomer of N4P4(NH2)2Cl6 is obtained from the reaction of the octachloride, N4P4Cl8, with aqueous ammonia in diethyl ether in the presence of anhydrous sodium sulphate. The compound is characterised by 31P NMR spectroscopy and by conversion to its dimethyl -amino derivative, N4P4(NH2)2(NMe2)6.