The Cyclical Sine Model Explanation for Climate Change

Climate Change due to excessive buildup of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere from hydrocarbon combustion is one explanation (NASA greenhouse effect) for the Earth’s temperature increase since 1850. If this is true, then eliminating fossil fuel use is the only way to preserve our planet. However, there is another explanation for Global Warming/Climate Change that leads to the opposite conclusion – hydrocarbon energy will be needed well into the future to cope with future, excessively hot and cold temperature cycles. This paper will show that the Global Warming/Climate Change underway on Earth today is a totally natural occurrence with solid scientific and historical support. The Earth is currently in the upswing part of its normal temperature cycle. Very warm (Medieval Warming) and very cold (Little Ice Age) cycles have been historically documented on Earth for at least the last 3,000 years. This cyclicity has a repeated period of about every 1,500 years (Singer 2008). This explanation for the Earth’s temperature increases since 1850 is captured in a mathematical model called the Cyclical Sine Model. This model fits past climate cycles, measured temperatures since 1850, and correlates closely with the cyclicity of Bond Atlantic Drift Ice Cycles (Bond 1997), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (NASA AMO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (NASA PDO). This model also quantitively explains the time span 1945-1975 when an impending ice age was feared (Time Magazine 1974). The Cyclical Sine Model is the best explanation for the Earth’s recent temperature increases.

QUANTUM CHEMICAL SIMULATION OF THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF INORGANIC COPPER(II) SALTS ON THE COMBUSTION OF HYDROCARBONS

Introduction. The search for chemicals that would have an effective fire extinguishing effect and the development of new fire extinguishers based on them is an extremely important problem of fire safety. It is known from the literature that new aqueous fire extinguishing agents (AFEAs) based on dissolved inorganic salts of transition metals, in particular, copper(II) chloride salts, have a rather efficient inhibitory effect on the hydrocarbon flame. However, the mechanism of inhibition of hydrocarbon combustion by this class of substances is not completely ascertained. However, it is reliable information about the processes that take place in the flame after the bringing in there of the aerosol of the mentioned AFEA will allow a systematic search for more optimal chemical composition of dissolved inorganic salts of d-metals. Purpose. The purpose of the work is to reveal the peculiarities of the interaction of concentrated aqueous solutions of copper(II) chloride salts with chemically active flame particles.Methods. Quantum chemical calculations of the chemical activity of radicals that appear in the flame and the physicochemical processes that occur in the flame after the bringing on there of AFEA aerosol.Results. The mechanism of a fire-extinguishing effect of aqueous solutions of inorganic copper(II) salts on a hydrocarbon flame is investigated by a calculation method. The sequence of stages of chemical processes that occur in the flame during the inhibiting combustion of hydrocarbons by AFEAs—concentrated solutions of CuCl2 and K2[CuCl4]—and the thermal effects of all reactions that accompany each of these stepwise transformations were ascertained. The stages of the interaction of gaseous Cu2Cl4 molecules with ×OH and ×H radicals in flame with the formation of first a radical-molecular complex and then a molecular complex are decisive in the process of inhibition and display the processes of interruption of chain reactions, i.e. deactivation of radicals in a flame.Conclusion. Thus, using the method of quantum chemical calculations the mechanism of inhibition of hydrocarbon combustion by copper(II) salts was offered. The mechanism of this process is considered to be associative, the decisive elementary act of which is carried out according to the scheme of addition of active radicals of a flame (×OH particles) to gaseous molecules Cu2Cl4 with the formation of radical-molecular complex [{Cu(×OH)Cl2}2] and with its subsequent deactivation by ×H particles.

Tandem In2O3-Pt/Al2O3 catalyst for coupling of propane dehydrogenation to selective H2 combustion

Tandem catalysis couples multiple reactions and promises to improve chemical processing, but precise spatiotemporal control over reactive intermediates remains elusive. We used atomic layer deposition to grow In2O3 over Pt/Al2O3, and this nanostructure kinetically couples the domains through surface hydrogen atom transfer, resulting in propane dehydrogenation (PDH) to propylene by platinum, then selective hydrogen combustion by In2O3, without excessive hydrocarbon combustion. Other nanostructures, including platinum on In2O3 or platinum mixed with In2O3, favor propane combustion because they cannot organize the reactions sequentially. The net effect is rapid and stable oxidative dehydrogenation of propane at high per-pass yields exceeding the PDH equilibrium. Tandem catalysis using this nanoscale overcoating geometry is validated as an opportunity for highly selective catalytic performance in a grand challenge reaction.

A combined DFTB nanoreactor and reaction network generator approach for mechanism of hydrocarbon combustion

We explored the mechanism of ethylene combustion by combining density functional tight-binding based nanoreactor molecular dynamic method (DFTB-NMD) and a hidden Markov model (HMM) based reaction network generator approach. The...

Combustion Characteristics and Combustion Kinetics of Dry Distillation Coal and Pine Tar

The samples of dry distillation pine tar and coal tar were investigated by TG-DTG-DSC, and the combustion characteristics and combustion kinetics of the samples were studied. The results show that there exist two significant mass loss peak and endothermic peak in the combustion of dry distillation coal tar and pine tar, which, respectively, means the volatile hydrocarbon combustion and heavy hydrocarbon combustion. At the first DTG peak range, the activation energy of dry distillation pine tar and coal tar is about the same at the initial stage (before DTG peak). Activation energy of the dry distillation pine tar increases sharply while that of dry distillation coal tar has little changes on the subsequent stage (after DTG peak). Dry distillated coal tar has better ignition performance, combustible characteristic, combustible stability, and integrated combustion characteristic, but difficult to burnout compared to the dry distillation pine tar.

Thermal Efficiency of Oxyhydrogen Gas Burner

One of the main methods used to generate thermal energy is the combustion process. Burners are used in both industrial and residential applications of the open combustion process. The use of fuels that reduce polluting gas emissions and costs in industrial and residential processes is currently a topic of significant interest. Hydrogen is considered an attractive fuel for application in combustion systems due to its high energy density, wide flammability range, and only produces water vapor as waste. Compared to research conducted regarding hydrocarbon combustion, studies on hydrogen burners have been limited. This paper presents the design and evaluation of an oxyhydrogen gas burner for the atmospheric combustion process. The gas is generated in situ with an alkaline electrolyzer with a production rate of up to 3 sL min−1. The thermal efficiency of a gas burner is defined as the percentage of the input thermal energy transferred to the desired load with respect to a given time interval. The experimental results show a thermal efficiency of 30% for a minimum flow rate of 1.5 sL min−1 and 76% for a flow rate of 3.5 sL min−1. These results relate to a 10 mm height between the burner surface and heated container.