Similarities between Hurricanes and Galaxies: A Short Review

Universe created with the fundamental laws of science. Nature is lazy and needs to form with the least possible to be perfect. A natural pattern, such as pinecones, sunflowers, pineapples, and cacti, has a double spiral structure. Once we look at these plants' centers, we will see the seeds line up in spirals shape. The number of spirals whirling in each direction will give us the Fibonacci numbers. We can give more examples representing these natural patterns; however, one example is unique and remarkable. The similarities between spiral galaxies- Milky Way and hurricanes. Are they similar in every property or just in shape and rotational movements? What are the similarities between them? This short review article will try to find these questions' answers by reviewing some literature articles. The first part of this article gave some information about hurricanes and galaxies. The second of this article focused on the comparison between hurricanes and galaxies. Finally, we will conclude the article with our remarks.

Enhanced Separation Efficiency and Purity of Circulating Tumor Cells Based on the Combined Effects of Double Sheath Fluids and Inertial Focusing

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a crucial role in solid tumor metastasis, but obtaining high purity and viability CTCs is a challenging task due to their rarity. Although various works using spiral microchannels to isolate CTCs have been reported, the sorting purity of CTCs has not been significantly improved. Herein, we developed a novel double spiral microchannel for efficient separation and enrichment of intact and high-purity CTCs based on the combined effects of two-stage inertial focusing and particle deflection. Particle deflection relies on the second sheath to produce a deflection of the focused sample flow segment at the end of the first-stage microchannel, allowing larger particles to remain focused and entered the second-stage microchannel while smaller particles moved into the first waste channel. The deflection of the focused sample flow segment was visualized. Testing by a binary mixture of 10.4 and 16.5 μm fluorescent microspheres, it showed 16.5 μm with separation efficiency of 98% and purity of 90% under the second sheath flow rate of 700 μl min−1. In biological experiments, the average purity of spiked CTCs was 74% at a high throughput of 1.5 × 108 cells min−1, and the recovery was more than 91%. Compared to the control group, the viability of separated cells was 99%. Finally, we validated the performance of the double spiral microchannel using clinical cancer blood samples. CTCs with a concentration of 2–28 counts ml−1 were separated from all 12 patients’ peripheral blood. Thus, our device could be a robust and label-free liquid biopsy platform in inertial microfluidics for successful application in clinical trials.

A Relativistic Entropic Hamiltonian–Lagrangian Approach to the Entropy Production of Spiral Galaxies in Hyperbolic Spacetime

Double-spiral galaxies are common in the Universe. It is known that the logarithmic double spiral is a Maximum Entropy geometry in hyperbolic (flat) spacetime that well represents an idealised spiral galaxy, with its central supermassive black hole (SMBH) entropy accounting for key galactic structural features including the stability and the double-armed geometry. Over time the central black hole must accrete mass, with the overall galactic entropy increasing: the galaxy is not at equilibrium. From the associated entropic Euler–Lagrange Equation (enabling the application of Noether’s theorem) we develop analytic expressions for the galactic entropy production of an idealised spiral galaxy showing that it is a conserved quantity, and we also derive an appropriate expression for its relativistic entropic Hamiltonian. We generalise Onsager’s celebrated expression for entropy production and demonstrate that galactic entropy production (entropy production corresponds to the intrinsic dissipation characteristics) is composed of two parts, one many orders of magnitude larger than the other: the smaller is comparable to the Hawking radiation of the central SMBH, while the other is comparable to the high entropy processes occurring within the accretion disks of real SMBHs. We conclude that galaxies cannot be isolated, since even idealised spiral galaxies intrinsically have a non-zero entropy production.

Fuzzy Method Applied at Energetic and Economic Rehabilitation of Pumping Station

Many pumping stations require an urgent rehabilitation from hydraulic, energetic, and economic point of view, being older than 30 years. Some urban stations for the water supply are nowadays under-dimensioned compared with the necessary consumption. Such an example is the pumping station of the Buzau City, realized in 1986. Its population has grown in the last decades by about 30% due to industrial development and its water pumping station from the treatment plant is currently totally insufficient. The hydraulic losses through the control discharge valve have become too high. This pumping station ensures the water supply for the south and east part of the city. Firstly, some characteristics of the pumping station equipped with pumps 12NDS- Normal-Double spiral casing-Single-layer of 160kW and 18NDS of 400kW and 500 kW, all from domestic production, are presented. Modernization of the pumping station has started few years ago and being realized in steps, so as not interrupt the city’s water supply. To establish the optimal operating point some algorithms are presented, developed based on the experimental data and using functions with one or two independent variables. Firstly, the interpolation function is determined, followed by its numerical calculation. To establish the characteristics’ equations H = f(Q), P = f(Q), and η = f(Q) starting from experimental results obtained by direct measurements, a polynomial approximation was chosen by the method of the least squares, using the polynomials Lagrange and Bezier. For optimization, the fuzzy technique is adopted regarding the flow fusing, intervals between start and stop following some policies concerning the aggregates’ starting. For a year, the energy saved between these intervals was calculated. Finally, the obtained yields of about 90% proved that the pumps modernization adopting new functioning techniques is more advantageous in some situations than the purchase of new equipment.

Recursive Sequential Combustion: A Concept Study About a Momentum-Enhanced Blend of the Reactants With Recirculated Burnt Gases

Over the last decade, new concepts have evolved to promote a significant azimuthal flow in annular combustors of gas turbines. The benefits are better flame propagation at ignition, positive flame-flame interaction, and better interaction with the burnt gases. Other advantages in terms of size, congestion and conditioning of the turbine inlet flow are also significant. The technical challenges reported by the literature are often related to the higher thermal stress of the flames on the walls compared to a conventional frame. Other sources of inspiration for this work are the principles of burnt gas recirculation, sequential combustion and flameless combustion. This contribution focuses on a novel tangential burner arrangement inspired by the previous references. It offers a synthesis of key features and properties of the latter and goes even further. Here, a significant part of the burnt gases produced by one burner intentionally enters the inlet of the next burner, and so on along the azimuthal direction. This takes advantage of the closed loop aspect of an annular combustor when considering the toroidal direction. It also proposes a solution to the thermal load problem. We named this principle Recursive Sequential Combustion (RSC). While the flame alignment is organised along the generatrix of the combustor’s annulus, one difficulty lies in the design of the lateral feeds of reactants and the lateral exit of the exhaust gases. A double-spiral combustor design is proposed, which has similarities with the Swiss Roll Combustor concept. It directs the flow in the toroidal direction, as well as it creates the favourable conditions for a dynamically stabilised premixed flame centred along the torus’ generatrix at some distance from the walls. This design maximises the interaction between the fresh reactants and the burnt gases. The technical challenge is to find the right balance in terms of momentum flux of the incoming and outgoing flows to keep the flame in the middle of the torus. If this concept is successful, a lean flame could be operated with an unmatched trade-off between stability, flexibility and low-emissions (including soot). The paper reports about the RSC concept, the design, and the early results.

Numerical Simulation of Effect of Different Initial Morphologies on Melt Hydrodynamics in Laser Polishing of Ti6Al4V

As a surface finishing technique for rapid remelting and re-solidification, laser polishing can effectively eliminate the asperities so as to approach the feature size. Nevertheless, the polished surface quality is significantly sensitive to the processing parameters, especially with respect to melt hydrodynamics. In this paper, a transient two-dimensional model was developed to demonstrate the molten flow behavior for different surface morphologies of the Ti6Al4V alloy. It is illustrated that the complex evolution of the melt hydrodynamics involving heat conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, melting and solidification during laser polishing. Results show that the uniformity of the distribution of surface peaks and valleys can improve the molten flow stability and obtain better smoothing effect. The high cooling rate of the molten pool resulting in a shortening of the molten lifetime, which prevents the peaks from being removed by capillary and thermocapillary forces. It is revealed that the mechanism of secondary roughness formation on polished surface. Moreover, the double spiral nest Marangoni convection extrudes the molten to the outsides. It results in the formation of expansion and depression, corresponding to nearby the starting position and at the edges of the polished surface. It is further found that the difference between the simulation and experimental depression depths is only about 2 μm. Correspondingly, the errors are approximately 8.3%, 14.3% and 13.3%, corresponding to Models 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The aforementioned results illustrated that the predicted surface profiles agree reasonably well with the experimentally measured surface height data.

The Entropy Production of Galaxies

Double-spiral galaxies are common in the Universe. It is known that the logarithmic double spiral is a Maximum Entropy geometry and represents spiral galaxies well. It is also known that the virial mass of such a galaxy can be approximately determined from the entropy of its central supermassive black hole. But over time the black hole must accrete mass, and therefore the overall galactic entropy must increase. From the associated entropic Euler-Lagrange equation (forming the basis of the Principle of Least Exertion, and also enabling the application of Nöther’s theorem) we show that the galactic entropy production is a conserved quantity, and we derive an appropriate expression for the relativistic entropic Hamiltonian of an idealised spiral galaxy. We generalise Onsager’s celebrated expression for entropy production and demonstrate that galactic entropy production has two parts, one many orders of magnitude larger than the other, and where the smaller is comparable to the Hawking radiation of the central supermassive black hole. We conclude that galaxies cannot be isolated, since even idealised spiral galaxies have non-zero entropy production.

Effects of α-tocopherol on phototoxicity of 8 - methoxypsoralene

Effects of singlet oxygen extinguisher α-tocopherol on combined effects of psoralens and UV on erythema photosensitized with 8-methoxypsoralene were investigated. The leading role of the reactions of photocompounds in induction of PUVA - erythema is considered. A characteristic feature of biologically active psoralens is the high value of quantum output of intercombination conversion, due to which, after absorption of light quants, a significant number of psoralen molecules are formed in a triplet excited state. Psoralen derivatives differ greatly in their ability to photosensitize the skin. In the example of 8-psoralens, a correlation was found between the ability to induce erythema by photocompound to double-spiral DNA in vitro. A clear correlation was identified between the ability to photosensitize erythema and form diadducts. Α-tocopherol has been shown to protect the skin from PUVA erythema if presents during irradiation. In the case of application of α-tocopherol after irradiation, the inhibitory effect was not exhibited.