International labor migration and its impact on human development

The article investigates the current causes of international labor migration and its connection with human development. The purpose of the study is to summarize the causes of international labor migration, to substantiate the causes and consequences of migration in Ukraine, which have their own characteristics and their impact on human development. The essence of international labor migration and the evolution of views on its movement are determined. It was established that modern migration was called by a whole range of driving forces, a set of several reasons that depend on economic, social, demographic and political factors. It is justified that in Ukraine, which is a donor country, the causes and consequences of migration have their own characteristics and their impact on human development. New conditions for labor migration in the modern world should be considered in terms of the category of human development, which reflects the process of forming a socio-economic environment of human existence, which ensures the freedom of choice to have a decent standard of living, to be healthy, educated, to live in an environmentally friendly environment, safe, with a fair justice system. Economic factors have the greatest impact on Ukrainian migration, and first of all, this is a difference in wage levels, which is 2 times less in Ukraine compared to the EU countries. The refusal of mass return of external labor migrants to Ukraine may indicate a significant change in the motivational factors of external labor migration, when the ratio of level and quality of life in donor countries and recipient countries plays a decisive role. Remittances of migrants have a positive impact on the development of human potential. Additional cash flows to households experiencing the greatest need for them have a significant impact on financing the economic and human development of the country, which consists in overcoming poverty, forming an additional source of public investment, reducing risks during crises, financing infrastructure development.

EXTERNAL LABOR MIGRATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR THE LABOR MARKET OF UKRAINE

This paper reports a study into the trends and patterns of the impact of external labor migration on the effectiveness of the functioning of Ukraine’s labor market, as well as defining those areas where migration processes could be coordinated in order to preserve the labor potential of this country. The scale and characteristics of the external labor migration in Ukraine have been considered. A tendency has been identified towards increasing the number of potential labor migrants among the population of Ukraine. The main destinations for migrant workers are the EU, primarily Poland, Italy, and the Czech Republic. It was found that the main labor migrants are men aged 30 to 49 with secondary and secondary specialized education, which indicates a significant outflow of «labor» from Ukraine. The main motives that encourage Ukrainians to work abroad have been determined. The main one has been investigated, related to the low level of wages in Ukraine, which is several times lower than the level of remuneration in the recipient countries. The positive and negative consequences of labor migration for Ukraine as a labor donor country have been given. Among the direct positive consequences, the main ones are the reduction of pressure on the labor market and the decrease in unemployment. Among the negative ones is the migration of the most active part of the labor force, the migration of young people and the most qualified specialists, which causes a shortage of labor in Ukraine’s labor market. The ways to improve the coordination of migration processes have been proposed, in order to preserve the labor potential of this country. The first is to improve the information support of the labor migration management process; the second is to promote economic growth and social development in Ukraine. The implementation of these measures could reduce the motivation for labor migration and provide conditions for the return of migrant workers. Keywords: labor migration, migrant, labor outflow, labor market, migration policy. JEL Classіfіcatіon J45, J61, J69 Formulas: 0; fig.: 5; tabl.: 3; bibl.: 23.

Language in Congress: Domestic Constituent Influence in Foreign Aid Decisions

There is an extensive literature on the effect of donor ideology on foreign aid allocations. However, the process through which donor ideology influences aid decisions is understudied. In my framework, legislators' application of political ideology is expanded to foreign aid agendas through interactions with domestic constituencies: development Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and private enterprises. Legislators adopt the constituencies' ideological rationale for aid and reflect the groups' aid preferences by taking on the language of those constituents. To test this argument, I applied the Structural Topic Model (STM) and Wordfish to my self-collected text data on testimonial statements given by representatives of NGOs and of firms and floor speeches of left- and right-leaning legislators relating to foreign aid in Congress. My results suggest that constituent groups have an influence on the ideological aid positions of individual legislators, which, in turn, may translate into the aid decisions of the donor country.

Populism and foreign aid

Pundits, development practitioners, and scholars worry that rising populism and international disengagement in developed countries have negative consequences on foreign aid. However, how populism and foreign aid go together is not well understood. This paper provides the first systematic examination of this relationship. We adopt the popular ideational definition of populism, unpack populism into its core “thin” elements, and examine them within a delegation model of aid policy—a prominent framework in the aid literature. In so doing, we identify specific domestic political processes through which the core components of populism may affect aid spending. We argue that increases in one component of populism—anti-elitism—and in nativist sentiments, an associated concept, in a donor country lead to a reduction in aid spending through a public opinion channel. We supply both micro- and macro-evidence for our arguments by fielding surveys in the United States and United Kingdom as well as by analyzing aid spending by a large number of OECD donors. Our findings show that nativism and anti-elitism, rather than populism per se, influence not only individual attitudes toward aid but also actual aid policy and generate important insights into how to address populist challenges to foreign aid. Beyond these, our study contributes to the broader International Relations literature by demonstrating one useful analytical approach to studying populism, nativism, and foreign policy.

Migration Processes in a Globalizing Society: Challenges for Donor and Recipient Countries

The article examines the influence of migration processes on the formation and development of production capacities of countries. The main functions that perform population migration are indicated. Reasonably, the process of labor migration affects the redistribution of industry types that develop in different countries. The impact of international labor migration on the economies of donor and recipient countries is determined. It has been proven that labor migration has different effects on donor and recipient countries. Researched the question of how the human, social and financial capital of labor migrants can be better used for their counties of origin becomes more and more urgent. There is an opinion that labor migration is not always negative. It is emphasized that educational migration can have a positive impact on the development of industry in the donor country, provided that the population returns home. It is noted that Ukraine often acts as a labor donor for many countries, including Poland. The main spheres of activity in which Ukrainians work abroad are given. The main benefits that donor and recipient countries receive from population migration are identified. It is emphasized that the return flows, ie the return of emigrants home from earnings abroad, change over time the ratio of benefits and losses in the donor country.

Brain drain and brain gain in Russia: Analyzing international migration of researchers by discipline using Scopus bibliometric data 1996–2020

We study international mobility in academia, with a focus on the migration of published researchers to and from Russia. Using an exhaustive set of over 2.4 million Scopus publications, we analyze all researchers who have published with a Russian affiliation address in Scopus-indexed sources in 1996–2020. The migration of researchers is observed through the changes in their affiliation addresses, which altered their mode countries of affiliation across different years. While only 5.2% of these researchers were internationally mobile, they accounted for a substantial proportion of citations. Our estimates of net migration rates indicate that while Russia was a donor country in the late 1990s and early 2000s, it has experienced a relatively balanced circulation of researchers in more recent years. These findings suggest that the current trends in scholarly migration in Russia could be better framed as brain circulation, rather than as brain drain. Overall, researchers emigrating from Russia outnumbered and outperformed researchers immigrating to Russia. Our analysis on the subject categories of publication venues shows that in the past 25 years, Russia has, overall, suffered a net loss in most disciplines, and most notably in the five disciplines of neuroscience, decision sciences, mathematics, biochemistry, and pharmacology. We demonstrate the robustness of our main findings under random exclusion of data and changes in numeric parameters. Our substantive results shed light on new aspects of international mobility in academia, and on the impact of this mobility on a national science system, which have direct implications for policy development. Methodologically, our novel approach to handling big data can be adopted as a framework of analysis for studying scholarly migration in other countries.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AS A DETERMINANT OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS: THE EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE AND POLAND

The article reveals the problem of combating human trafficking as a criminal phenomenon and one of the global problems of mankind. Based on the analysis of the practice of anti-trafficking entities in Ukraine and Poland, a set of theoretical and practical issues related to the criminalization of human trafficking and legal analysis of the criminal offense under the current legislation of these countries is covered. It is noted that unlike Ukraine, which in most cases is a donor country for victims of trafficking, the Republic of Poland is a destination and transit country in this area of criminal business. The current state of human trafficking in Ukraine and Poland, the causes and conditions of this phenomenon, some determinants that lead to the commission of criminal offenses of this category in these countries are analyzed. One of the key factors has been found to be domestic violence, a particular issue that in itself needs to be addressed immediately. Therefore, an effective solution to one of the outlined problems is impossible without positive steps in solving the other. Attention is focused on the lack of definition of the term �trafficking in human beings� in the criminal law of both countries whose experience is being studied. In Ukraine, the legislator has distinguished a certain feature, in particular, in contrast to international acts, human trafficking has identified as a separate form of criminal offense, different from its main forms. The relationship between human trafficking, labour migration and domestic violence is considered, the consequences of labour migration for the social and economic sphere are analyzed; some differences for Ukraine and the Republic of Poland are identified, some statistical data and forecasts of specialists are given. In the context of the study, the concept of �social orphan hood� and its long-term impact on the crime situation and public life in the country is revealed. The activities of international organized criminal groups, including those formed in Poland and Ukraine, extend to all regions of the world and have reached a level previously inaccessible to them. The creating of sustainable channels for illegal migration and human trafficking is one of the most lucrative areas and areas of transnational organized crime in Eastern Europe. It is proposed to effectively combat these negative phenomena by developing an international strategy for joint action, to unite the efforts of law enforcement agencies and other actors in combating human trafficking in both donor and transit countries and to designate �living goods� at the regional and national levels. It is noted that attention should be paid not only to the fight against the very phenomenon of modern slavery, but also to its consequences and, most importantly, to the determinants.

Volume and Territorial Distribution of the Czech Republic’s Official Development Assistance Flows to Least Developed Countries

Official Development Assistance (ODA) is considered one of the most important external resources of finance that can contribute to sustainable development in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). The Czech Republic, as an official donor country, should spend on ODA, with respect to the EU and national targets, at least 0.33% of its GNI by the year 2030. Eradication of poverty in the context of sustainable development belongs to the long-term priorities of the Czech foreign development cooperation, and thus the Czech Republic considers some LDCs, which population is more likely to live in extreme poverty, the priority partner countries. Paper evaluated fundamental trends of the Czech Republic’s ODA flows to LDCs; compared them with the trends identified for the collective flows of all DAC members and for the flows of its four selected members (Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia). Identified trends of Czech ODA flows showed clearly that Czech Republic did not meet official commitments regarding the volume of ODA and that level of fragmentation of the ODA flows to LCDs was quite high when these trends were examined during the period 2000–2018. However, the Czech Republic’s development cooperation policy did not differ markedly from the policies of the other four ODA donors. Any significant differences were identified when the fundamental trends of Czech ODA flows were compared with those ones identified for Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.

International Migration As A Driver Of Country Development

The expression of the country’s sustainable socio-political development is its achievement of macroeconomic stability, which, first of all, depends on the ability of the national economy to ensure the growth of macroeconomic indicators. It raises many questions about identifying and evaluating factors that directly and indirectly impact growth. In recent decades, more and more attention is paid to the problems of developed countries’ human capital security and their importance for macroeconomic processes. Human resources can be interpreted as explicit (labor resources) and implicit (ethnic, age, language, qualification distribution, etc.) factor influencing macroeconomic indicators. Since most economically advanced states belong to the category of old nations, they have faced another global problem in the last half-century – the population’s rapid ageing. Their gradual degeneration leads to the inhibition of positive macroeconomic processes. Therefore there is a need to attract new human resources, and migration is one of the most effective levers to solve this problem. However, migration can pose several threats to both the destination country and the donor country. In the economic context for the destination country, the most serious of these is the lack of the desired improvement in human potential due to the influx of low-skilled workers. In contrast, for the country of origin, there is a brain drain. It creates the problem of determining the factors that affect population migration between the donor country and the destination country, and their correlation with macroeconomic indicators. The purpose of this work is to conduct a generalized analysis of methodologies for assessing the interconnectedness of macroeconomic and migration determinants and identifying commonalities. According to the work results, it was found that most of the analyzed scientists use simple estimation models, filling them with related indirect migration factors and macroeconomic indicators, which are formed depending on the primary goal of the work. Thus, this study allows us to create a list of migration determinants commonly used in typical results, to form an updated methodological framework.

Reception of law as a form of cultural interaction

The study’s objective is to identify factors contributing to the positive results of legal reception and generalize the concept of legal reception, revealing the close relationship of law with the culture. During the research, various scientific approaches and methods of knowledge contributed to the achievement of the intended objective. The research is based on dialectical, systemic methods and the comparative legal approach. The result of the study was the conclusion that the result of intercultural interaction is not always favorable and can have both positive and negative consequences: when the national legal system becomes inconsistent, illogical, loses the character of self-execution, up to the fatal outcome – the destruction of the legal culture of society. As the most important condition for the successful reception of law, the authors highlight the compatibility of the cultures of the donor country and the recipient country (interacting cultures). It is argued that the formation of a single global cultural, legal space does not reflect the objectively existing patterns of development of societies, and the incompatibility of different types of legal cultures is the main factor preventing the creation of global legal order in general and hindering the success of the reception of law in particular. The novelty of the research is determined by the fact that the reception of law is one of the forms of intercultural interaction and plays a significant role in the mutual penetration of legal cultures. Although the topic is one of the most popular for domestic and foreign legal science, as a rule, its study is reduced to the description of the facts of reception, in most cases of Roman law, and the number of general theoretical studies of this issue is insufficient.