“The Miracle of You”: Women's Sex Education and the Marketing of Kotex

In 1967, Kimberly-Clark, the makers of Kotex, hired women's marketing consultant Estelle Ellis to create and run the corporation's new sex education program. The Life Cycle Center, which opened in 1968, did not produce advertisements, but rather developed sex education curricula for public school classrooms. Its program, the Life Cycle Library, divided women's lives into distinct stages, tethering Kimberly-Clark goods and services to specific junctures of an idealized, heterosexual life. Ellis transformed the “life cycle” into a profitable, enduring marketing concept for Kimberly-Clark. She also extended the Center's influence, rendering it a research and educational authority on women's reproductive health for teachers, social scientists, government actors, and readers. Ellis's career reveals how marketers infiltrated powerful sites of institutional and public health discourse, reshaping them to fit commercial aims and intentions.

Political Authority, Personal Autonomy and Higher Education

Does the liberal state have a role in helping mature citizens make worthwhile educational choices? The question has clear relevance for the aims of higher education in a liberal democratic society. As systems of higher education internationalize, it has become difficult for liberal states to steer high education policy in directions that serve civic interests. This is, in part, because political liberalism imposes restrictions on what one might call directive educational authority: the power to direct citizens toward specific kinds of knowledge, understanding and skills in the interests of making their lives better. This restriction follows from the view that citizens have the capacity to make thier own decisions about how best to live, including decisions about the kind of education they need. My aim in this paper is to make the case for a more direct role for the state in promoting a good life through higher education. In particular, I argue that the liberal state’s obligation to promote autonomy across its citizenry confers legitimate educational authority over post-compulsory, as well as compulsory, education. This argument affirms the State’s educational obligations to citizens beyond a basic or compulsory education. Getting in the way of this affirmation, however, is an overly restrictive account of educational authority that occludes these obligations under the guise of respect for autonomy. Accordingly, in making my case I propose an autonomy-based account educational authority derived from Joseph Raz’s Service Conception, defending this account against the charge that such authority is illegitimately paternalistic.

Punishment and motivation in a just school community

This article addresses the ethical and motivational dimensions of punishment in schools, focusing on the idea of a just school community. Lawrence Kohlberg’s account of a just school community is examined and systematically revised to reflect advances in psychology and a more adequate conceptualization of justice. A eudaimonic conception of justice is articulated with respect to five distinct dimensions of a just school community. This is informed by Self-determination Theory (SDT) and an account of the basis of educational authority over minor children. The resulting account of a eudaimonically just school community clarifies the limited value of punishments as motivators and the importance of needs-support to enlisting students’ cooperation. It resists the growing reliance on criminal justice responses to student misconduct and holds that discipline and punishment in schools should be diagnostic, educative, restorative, and community building.

Justice in education and recognitive justice

This paper focuses on a topical issue - the idea of ‘justice in education’ – developed by Krassimir Stojanov, among other recent educational justice theorists. Justice in education has to ask ‘educational questions about education’, which means that educational justice theory should be capable of dealing with educational practices, and constellations that are asymmetrical interaction orders. This requires, from the perspective of a child, criteria to distinguish between justified and unjustified educative demands towards responsibility and autonomy. This paper analyses forms of recognition as a legitimate summons that enables the individual’s autonomy. It also analyses the illegitimate demands that emerge from Stojanov’s innovative idea to combine the forms of misrecognition with the concepts of epistemic injustice. The second chapter of this paper introduces the challenges related to the recognitive justice as justice in education. The examination of Dietrich Benner’s recent critique of recognition theory illuminates these challenges in two ways: first, it is shown that there can be something negatively experienced, but the result of productive disruptions that the educator need to produce, which are out of the scope of recognition theory. Second, the recognitive justice paradigm ignores elementary pedagogical conditions and requirements, ‘the pedagogical knowledge’ and its methods, and is therefore unable to fully grasp the legitimate educational authority. This paper concludes with a synthesis that finds the crucial elements from the recognition theory to justice in education and critically assessing Benner’s claims. Overall, the paper offers potential for further development in justice in education.

DAURU AL INTERNIT FI TAHSINI MAHARATI AL TADRISI MIN WIJHADI NADZARI ASATDZATI WA AL TULLABI AL DIRASATI AL ULYA BI JAMIATI MALANG AL HUKUMIYYAH

The present study aimed to identify the role of the Internet in improving the teaching skills from the perspective of professors and graduate students at Malang State University. Therefore, two questionnaires were set, the first for the professors in the Department of Arabic Language at the Malang State University and the second for the students of the higher studies in the same department. These questionnaires were applied to a sample of 25 and a sample of 10 graduate students respectively.The research reached, through the preparatory study, to the following results :To begin with, creating groups, or online mailing groups, is mainly to strengthen the communication among supervisors, professors and students, as well as, the use of the Internet to remotely train teachers. Then, according to the findings, the main obstacles to the use of the Internet are the uncertainty of professors of its importance and uses, and the weak cooperation between teachers and administrative teachers. In addition to that, the most important ways to using the internet are providing schools and universities with the necessary equipment and programs to access to the Internet, and giving professors and teachers authority regarding educational matters. Furthermore, graduate students were rarely using the Internet to access educational sites. Moreover, the lack of programs that serve the educational teaching process is the biggest obstacle to the use of the Internet, which indicates the lack of an important element, namely, programs in Arabic. This is a common result between teachers and students. Last but not least, teachers and professors should be given some educational authority, while highlighting the importance of the Internet and its uses to some of them.المستخلص: تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور الإنترنت في تحسين مهارات التدريس من وجهة نظر أساتذة وطلاب الدراسات العليا بجامعة مالانج الحكومية. فلذلك، تم وضع استبيانين، الأول للأساتذة في قسم اللغة العربية بجامعة مالانج الحكومية والثاني لطلاب الدراسات العليا في نفس القسم. وفقًا للنتائج، فإن العوائق الرئيسية أمام استخدام الإنترنت هي عدم اليقين من جانب الأساتذة حول أهميتها واستخداماتها، وضعف التعاون بين المعلمين والإداريين. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تتمثل أهم طرق استخدام الإنترنت في تزويد المدارس والجامعات بالمعدات والبرامج اللازمة للوصول إلى الإنترنت ومنح الأساتذة والمدرسين السلطة فيما يتعلق بالمسائل التعليمية. وعلاوة على ذلك، نادراً ما يستخدم طلاب الدراسات العليا الإنترنت للوصول إلى المواقع التعليمية. علاوة على ذلك، فإن نقص البرامج التي تخدم عملية التدريس التعليمية هو أكبر عقبة أمام استخدام الإنترنت، مما يدل على عدم وجود عنصر مهم، وهو البرامج باللغة العربية. يجب إعطاء المعلمين والأساتذة بعض السلطة التعليمية، مع تسليط الضوء على أهمية الإنترنت واستخداماتها لبعضهم. كلمات مفتاحية: الإنترنت؛ مهارات التدريس؛ تدريس اللغة العربية؛ تدريس اللغة الثانية.