PROCESSO ESTILOIDE ALONGADO NAS RADIOGRAFIAS PANORÂMICAS EM UMA SUBPOPULAÇÃO

Styloid process elongation associated with symptoms such as cervicofacial pain, tinnitus and otalgia is called Eagle Syndrome. The objective of this study is to assess the presence of elongated styloid process through panoramic radiographs, in a subpopulation of the State of Para, Brazil, as to age and sex. Panoramic radiographs were selected and the apparent size of the styloid process was measured from the point where the styloid leaves the tympanic plate to the lower tip of the process. Data were analyzed by means of chi-square tests and the “t” test with a significance level of 5%. Forty-three percent of all elongated styloid processes were observed in patients aged between 18 and 35 years old. Of these styloid processes measuring more than 30 mm, there were 815 that showed a Type I elongation pattern, being 98 that showed a Type II calcification pattern and 92 showed a Type III calcification pattern. It is concluded that the Type I elongated styloid process was the most frequent, but no statistically significant correlation was found between the presence of the elongated styloid process and the studied variables.

Empirical Determination of Sieve Size Statistics from Grain Measurement

<p>Relationships between sieve grain size and thin section grain size have been determined empirically from the study of 72 artificially created sendstone samples. Modern sands were sieved into size fractions, which were recombined in a log normal distribution to give samples with a range of means and standard deviations, but with similar individual grain properties. Sample splits of these were impregnated with resin, and the size distribution of grain long axes selected by point counter in thin section was compared with that found by sieving the remaining sample. This method attempts to minimise the effects of factors that influence apparent size in thin section. The results have been compared with those of (1958, 1962) who studied the same size relationships in 38 natural sandstones, e.g. This work: Sieve size from Folk = 1.078(thin section mean) + 0.200 phi graphical mean 1/3(Ø16+Ø50+Ø84) Friedman (1958): Sieve size mean from = 0.903(thin section mean) + 0.381 phi combined quartile measures Ø25, Ø50,Ø75 The regression coefficients differ from those of Friedman, probably because of the range of mean sizes investigated in the present work was twice as large (5.7 phi units vs. 2.6 phi units). The correlation coefficient relating sieve to thin section analysis decreases progressively, as Friedman found, from mean (0.992) to standard deviation (0.958), skewness (O.536), and kurtosis (0.249). The correlation for skewness and kurtosis is not significant. The size range was extended to -3.5 phi by the study of the mean size of selected gravel samples measured in sawn slabs. The resulting regression line has a slope of one and an intercept of 0.4 phi and is close to that found for the sands. Grain size in grain mount is also closely related to sieve and thin section size, and a preliminary study of pebble size measured from photographs suggests that this may also be converted to an equivalent sieve size. On qualitative grounds the relationships between the various mean size statistics should involve the simple addition of a constant phi value. However the slopes of the regression equations found in the present work differ slightly from a slope of one. This difference is shown to represent a progressive shape change with size. For a constant b/a ratio of 0.73 or 0.70 conversion of thin section mean size (in phi units) to an equivalent sieve value should therefore be made by the simple addition of a 0.33 or 0.40 phi constant respectively.</p>

Empirical Determination of Sieve Size Statistics from Grain Measurement

<p>Relationships between sieve grain size and thin section grain size have been determined empirically from the study of 72 artificially created sendstone samples. Modern sands were sieved into size fractions, which were recombined in a log normal distribution to give samples with a range of means and standard deviations, but with similar individual grain properties. Sample splits of these were impregnated with resin, and the size distribution of grain long axes selected by point counter in thin section was compared with that found by sieving the remaining sample. This method attempts to minimise the effects of factors that influence apparent size in thin section. The results have been compared with those of (1958, 1962) who studied the same size relationships in 38 natural sandstones, e.g. This work: Sieve size from Folk = 1.078(thin section mean) + 0.200 phi graphical mean 1/3(Ø16+Ø50+Ø84) Friedman (1958): Sieve size mean from = 0.903(thin section mean) + 0.381 phi combined quartile measures Ø25, Ø50,Ø75 The regression coefficients differ from those of Friedman, probably because of the range of mean sizes investigated in the present work was twice as large (5.7 phi units vs. 2.6 phi units). The correlation coefficient relating sieve to thin section analysis decreases progressively, as Friedman found, from mean (0.992) to standard deviation (0.958), skewness (O.536), and kurtosis (0.249). The correlation for skewness and kurtosis is not significant. The size range was extended to -3.5 phi by the study of the mean size of selected gravel samples measured in sawn slabs. The resulting regression line has a slope of one and an intercept of 0.4 phi and is close to that found for the sands. Grain size in grain mount is also closely related to sieve and thin section size, and a preliminary study of pebble size measured from photographs suggests that this may also be converted to an equivalent sieve size. On qualitative grounds the relationships between the various mean size statistics should involve the simple addition of a constant phi value. However the slopes of the regression equations found in the present work differ slightly from a slope of one. This difference is shown to represent a progressive shape change with size. For a constant b/a ratio of 0.73 or 0.70 conversion of thin section mean size (in phi units) to an equivalent sieve value should therefore be made by the simple addition of a 0.33 or 0.40 phi constant respectively.</p>

Visibility and Apparent Size of Néel-Type Magnetic Skyrmions in Fresnel Defocus Images of Multilayer Films

Multilayers that comprise thin films of heavy metals and ferromagnets have been shown to host Néel-type magnetic skyrmions at room temperature. Fresnel defocus imaging in Lorentz transmission electron microscopy is a widely used technique for recording magnetic information about skyrmions. However, the visibility of Néel-type skyrmions in Fresnel defocus images is typically low, both because only a small component of their magnetic field contributes to the signal and because of the presence of diffraction contrast from the polycrystalline multilayer structure. Here, we take advantage of the out-of-plane hysteresis in such samples to record background-subtracted Fresnel defocus images. We demonstrate an improvement in magnetic signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution by a factor of 3 for a (Pt/Co/NiFe)×5 multilayer. We also use simulated Fresnel defocus images of Néel-type magnetic skyrmions to understand the influence of defocus on apparent skyrmion size.

Experiment on Size Effect and Fractal Characteristics of Waste Brick and Concrete Recycled Aggregate

Herein, the size effect of single-particle crushing of recycled brick and concrete recycled macadam under static load and the fractal characteristics of aggregate under impact load are investigated. The mechanical change law of recycled macadam after compaction crushing under static load is analyzed through single-particle load crushing and impact crushing tests with different particle groups. Furthermore, the fractal dimension D is introduced to study the effects of impact energy, particle size, and different materials on the fractal characteristics of the recycled macadam. Consequently, the material, shape, and particle size of a single-particle significantly affect the crushing strength under static loading, and there is an apparent size effect on the crushing strength. Moreover, the proportion of unbroken particles in the overall mass sieve increased with decreasing particle group order under impact loading. The proportion of unbroken particles in the 4.75–9.5-mm group constituted more than 60% of the total, indicating that its anticrushing ability was significant. In addition, the model relationship between fractal dimension D, nonuniformity coefficient, and curvature coefficient is established. When 1.887 ≤ D ≤ 2.631, the gradation of recycled macadam is superior.

Elongated Styloid Process in Panoramic Radiographs

The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of the elongated styloid process in panoramic radiographic exams, in a subpopulation of northern Brazil in relation to age, sex and side. Panoramic radiographs were selected, and the apparent size of the styloid process was measured from the point where the styloid leaves the tympanic plate to the tip of the process. The data were analyzed using chi-square tests and variance analysis with a 5% significance level. Approximately 30% of the elongated styloid process was observed in patients between 18 to 35 years. Of the styloid processes that measured more than 30 mm (elongated), 764 styloid processes (81%) showed Type I elongation pattern, 97 styloid processes (10%) showed Type II calcification patterns, and 85 styloid processes (9%) showed Type III calcification patterns. The prevalence of the elongated styloid process was high, and no statistically significant correlation was found between the presence of the elongated styloid process and the variables studied.Keywords: Bone Lengthening. Osteogenesis. Radiography, Panoramic. ResumoO objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a prevalência do processo estilóide alongado em exames radiográficos panorâmicos, em uma subpopulação do norte do Brasil em relação à idade, sexo e lado. Radiografias panorâmicas foram selecionadas, e tamanho aparente do processo estilóide foi medido a partir do ponto em que o estilóide deixa a placa timpânica até a ponta do processo. Os dados foram analisados por meio de testes qui-quadrado e análise de variância com nível de significância de 5%. Aproximadamente 73% do processo estilóide alongado foi observado em pacientes entre 18 e 53 anos (p <0,05). Dos processos estilóides que mediram mais de 30 mm (alongados), 543 processos estiloide (82,9%) mostraram padrão de alongamento do Tipo I, 33 processos estiloide (5,03%) mostraram padrões de calcificação do Tipo II, e 79 processos estilóide (12,06%) mostraram padrões de calcificação do Tipo III. A prevalência do processo estilóide alongado foi alta e não foi encontrada correlação estatisticamente significante entre a presença do processo estilóide alongado e as variáveis estudadas.Palavras-chave: Alongamento Ósseo. Osteogênese. Radiografia Panorâmica.

Intra-diploic epidermoid cyst: An iceberg lesion

Introduction: Intraosseous epithelial inclusion cysts of the skull, presenting as lytic defects, constitute a very small percentage of the primary intracranial tumours. The case is presented by virtue of not only the rarity of the variant but also to highlight the importance of timely intervention by a neurosurgeon after adequate investigation and in a tertiary care setting. Case Report: A 45 year old female patient presented to the local Primary Healthcare Centre(PHC) with a small scalp swelling in the occipital region. . Intraoperative identification of intracranial extension was made by the surgeon as inferior margin of the swelling couldn’t be reached and also by palpation of the huge bone defect following which the procedure was abandoned midway and patient was referred to our centre for further management. Imaging: Contrast Enhanced Computerised Tomograhy(CECT) revealed a well defined, mixed density lesion with hypodense and an isodense component in right occipital region. Lesion was measuring 4.2(Cranio caudal) x 3.3(Antero posterior) x 3.6( transverse) cm. A sharp marginated bone defect was noted involving both the outer and inner tables of the occipital bone. Operative management: Lesion was approached through a right occipital craniotomy wherein the margins of bone defect were nibbled away to gain a wide access to the lesion. Pearly white, flaky contents of the lesion along with capsule were identified and excised completely. Discussuion: Intradiploic epidermoid cysts are very rare, accounting for <3% of all intracranial epidermoid cysts.(5) These cysts grow very slowly and usually present as painless bony swelling under the scalp. Conclusion: Cranial epidermoid is a fairly common entity and intradiploic variant of the same isnot uncommonly seen in neurosurgical practise. These lesions may present as a small scalp lesion which should not be judged based on its apparent size as these lesions are not infrequently known to have a bigger intracranial extension

Analytic Binary Alloy Volume–Concentration Relations and the Deviation from Zen’s Law

Alloys expand or contract as concentrations change, and the resulting relationship between atomic volume and alloy content is an important property of the solid. While a well-known approximation posits that the atomic volume varies linearly with concentration (Zen’s law), the actual variation is more complicated. Here we use the apparent size of the solute (solvent) atom and the elasticity to derive explicit analytical expressions for the atomic volume of binary solid alloys. Two approximations, continuum and terminal, are proposed. Deviations from Zen’s law are studied for 22 binary alloy systems.

SCALE-AWARENESS FOR MORE ACCURATE OBJECT DETECTION USING MODIFIED SINGLE SHOT DETECTORS

Object detection performance is directly related to the apparent size of the object to be detected, thus most state-of-the-art algorithms dedicate different detection heads for each object size. In this work, we propose an end-to-end pipeline to adapt a single-shot object detector (SSD) to the underlying object size distribution of the target detection domain. Our contributions are the adjustments to the detector architecture and the introduction of a novel batch sampling method. To validate the effect of our method, we chose a task-specific highly specialized object detection and classification dataset of tomato fruits that apart from bounding box information, it also contains class information for three ripening stages of each tomato fruit.More specifically, the major motivation and contributions are discussed in relation to the recent bibliography. Next, an extensive analysis of our pipeline is presented, where the concept of scale alignment is thoroughly presented along with the novel sampling method. Following the results of a series of experiments, we conclude that our pipeline significantly improves over the “off-the-shelf” base single-shot detector and its detection performance is comparable to more elaborate algorithms, especially if we measure detection performance slightly disregarding box localization. Lastly, we include a stratified ablation study in the closing sections where we measure the impact of each step along our proposed SSD adaptation pipeline.

Tumor Phantom with Incorporated SERS Tags: Detectability in a Turbid Medium

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags have proven to be excellent labels for tissue bioimaging because of their low interference from biological matrices, high photostability, and possibility for using as theranostic agents. Although SERS tags are widely used for the imaging of tumors in vivo, in practice, the low contrast of the tag accumulation in the tissue and strong light scattering can significantly affect their detectability. In this work, we studied these effects by using a phantom of tumor tissue with incorporated SERS tags. The phantom is a 2 mm sphere of calcium alginate with incorporated SERS tags at a concentration of 0.625 × 108–2 × 109 cm−3. To simulate the surrounding medium with differing turbidities, the phantom was placed in a 4 mm thick agarose gel containing intralipid at a concentration of 0–1%. SERS bioimaging was carried out using standard backscattering geometry with different light focusing conditions. We found that shielding the phantom with a turbid medium led not only to a decrease in detectability but also to a decrease in the apparent size of the imaging object. Our results can help develop more accurate algorithms for processing SERS data for bioimaging.