The Relationship Between Oral Language and Reading in English-Only, Proficient Bilingual, and Emergent Bilingual Adolescents

The chapter examined the English language and reading outcomes and the relationship between language and reading for two bilingual adolescent groups (Proficient Bilinguals and Emergent Bilinguals) and their English-only peers (n = 78 total). Participants completed a variety of English language assessments, and their scores from a standardized accountability reading assessment were collected from their teachers. Results from the study showed that Proficient Bilinguals performed comparably to their English-only peers in all language and reading measures, suggesting that simply being bilingual does not detract from adolescents' English language proficiency. Furthermore, the relationships between oral language and reading differed as a function of participants' English language proficiency. Oral language skills correlated with reading for both bilinguals and English-only adolescents, but the relationships were more robust for bilinguals than for English-only adolescents. Finally, the relationship between speech production and reading was significantly only for Emergent Bilinguals and not for Proficient Bilinguals.

Interior Architecture as Mediator of Experiential Influence: Establishing a Social Belonging for Disenfranchised Youths

<p>Over the last few centuries, studies have examined the fundamental relationships between architectural form and its effect on human emotion. Interested in the interplay between architecture and human emotion, this thesis explores how interior architecture can be designed to positively influence human behaviour. Sacred architectural typologies such as churches and memorials use scale, light and shadow, reverberation, materiality, et cetera to engage the occupant with an experiential response appropriate to the sacred objectives of the environment. The intent of this thesis is to challenge how such experiential influences can be applied within non-sacred typologies. This research proposes that boarding schools, prisons, and low-cost housing projects are architectural typologies that could potentially provide significant benefits to inhabitants, if interior architecture is constructively engaged as a mediator of influence. More specifically, this thesis challenges how interior architecture may be utilised to enhance the sense of self-esteem, integration, and social belonging of disenfranchised adolescent groups. In addition this thesis aims to revitalise an abandoned 'disenfranchised' school, providing the principal vehicle for the design component of this study. Overall the research suggests providing multiple opportunities for socialised engagement whereby interior architecture, through spatial relationships, contributes to the solution in establishing a sense of self-esteem, integration and social belonging.</p>

Interior Architecture as Mediator of Experiential Influence: Establishing a Social Belonging for Disenfranchised Youths

<p>Over the last few centuries, studies have examined the fundamental relationships between architectural form and its effect on human emotion. Interested in the interplay between architecture and human emotion, this thesis explores how interior architecture can be designed to positively influence human behaviour. Sacred architectural typologies such as churches and memorials use scale, light and shadow, reverberation, materiality, et cetera to engage the occupant with an experiential response appropriate to the sacred objectives of the environment. The intent of this thesis is to challenge how such experiential influences can be applied within non-sacred typologies. This research proposes that boarding schools, prisons, and low-cost housing projects are architectural typologies that could potentially provide significant benefits to inhabitants, if interior architecture is constructively engaged as a mediator of influence. More specifically, this thesis challenges how interior architecture may be utilised to enhance the sense of self-esteem, integration, and social belonging of disenfranchised adolescent groups. In addition this thesis aims to revitalise an abandoned 'disenfranchised' school, providing the principal vehicle for the design component of this study. Overall the research suggests providing multiple opportunities for socialised engagement whereby interior architecture, through spatial relationships, contributes to the solution in establishing a sense of self-esteem, integration and social belonging.</p>

Pediatric poisoning pattern: A comparison of preadolescent and adolescent groups in Hong Kong over 3 years

Objective: To compare local poisoning patterns of preadolescents and adolescents. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Data collected through the Hong Kong Poison Information Centre (HKPIC) Poisoning Information and Clinical Management System (PICMS). Patients aged 10 to 17 years old from January 2016 to December 2018 were included and divided into preadolescent (10–12 years old) and adolescent (13–17 years old) groups. Statistical analysis for categorical variables was performed using chi-square test of independence, p < 0.05. Strength of association examined with Cramer’s V. Rate ratios with 95% confidence interval were used to determine nature of association, using preadolescents as comparison group. Results: A total of 703 cases were analyzed. There were 107 cases in the preadolescent group and 596 cases in the adolescent group. Three variables showed moderate association: intentional exposure (rate ratio: 2.91, 2.13–3.98), exposure in school (rate ratio: 0.30, 0.21–0.44), and the use of pharmaceuticals (rate ratio: 1.95, 1.57–2.44). The most common substance of exposure were analgesics (n = 213, 24.94%) and fumes, gases, and vapors (n = 19, 15.08%) in adolescents and preadolescents, respectively. Conclusion: Epidemiological difference still exists between preadolescents and adolescents. The association of adolescents with intentional poisoning, and the use of pharmaceuticals was highlighted. The study acts as a recent update of pediatric poisoning patterns and hopes to act as a reference for future studies.

Development and Validation of a New Measure of Mental Rotation for Preadolescent and Adolescent Groups

Measurement of mental rotation presents a serious challenge to cognitive researchers owing to the lack of a single comprehensive measure that can be applied across the developing age groups. Objective of the present study was to develop and validate a new measure of mental rotation for preadolescent and adolescent age groups. Items were conceptualized and constructed based on existing theories. Study I checked the suitability of these items among preadolescent and adolescent age groups. After revisions, Study II was done to evaluate the item properties using item response theory. Subsequently done Confirmatory Factor Analysis provided evidence for the construct validity of the new measure. Finally, Study III was done to develop the age wise and gender wise norms for preadolescent and adolescent age groups. The newly developed measure was found to have sufficient reliability and validity and hence can be widely applied for measuring mental rotation of preadolescents and adolescents.

Adolescents' Understanding of What Causes Emotional Distress: A Qualitative Exploration in a Non-clinical Sample Using Ideal-Type Analysis

Background: There is increased interest in early intervention and prevention of mental health difficulties during adolescence; thus, we are seeing increased efforts to optimize well-being during this epoch. Positive emotional experiences are a central component of overall well-being. However, research exploring what adolescents perceive to be the cause(s) of their emotional difficulties is lacking. Improving understanding of this issue within non-clinical adolescent groups may provide useful insight into how to develop strategies to support young people as they navigate emotional difficulties.Objectives: The aim of this research was to explore if meaningful categories of perceived cause(s) for emotional distress exist for non-clinical adolescent groups.Methods: The data for this study were drawn from interviews across 6 sites in England conducted as part of the 5-year national evaluation of the HeadStart Learning Programme. The sample comprised of 32 young people aged 11–12 years from the first annual wave of qualitative data collection in 2017. Ideal type analysis—a qualitative form of person-centered analysis—was used to construct a typology of adolescents perceived cause(s) for emotional distress.Findings: We identified five distinct categories of perceived cause: (1) perceived lack of control; (2) unfair treatment; (3) others, their actions and judgements as the catalyst; (4) concerns for self and others; and, (5) self as cause.Conclusions: Our findings illustrate that distinct categories for perceived cause of emotional distress exist among adolescents considered to be “at risk” of developing mental health difficulties, which provides a foundation for future necessary work seeking to investigate the possible link between perceived cause for emotional distress and help-seeking behavior among sub-clinical groups.

TOBACCO PRODUCTS: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND COMPARATIVE HARMFULNESS

Tobacco consumption is a major social health problem in India as well as throughout the world, because it harms both health and wealth of an addict. Tobacco is a Sthavara Patra Visha received from the plant Nicotiana tobacum/ Nicotiana rusticum leaves by curing them. Tobacco contains an alkaloid nicotine in abundant amount, which is sufficient to make addict like alcohol, cocaine and morphine. There are so many different forms of smoking and smokeless tobacco in India, like cigarette, bidi, gutka, jarda, pan masala etc. Long timed use of Tobacco like adductive products by oral route, acts as a slow poison (Dushi Visha) induces chronic toxicity to the gastrointestinal tract like oral diseases, gingivitis and periodontitis, Leukoplakia (precancerous stage), and may lead to cancer also in advance stage. This chronic toxicity affects cardiovascular system and results as increasing coronary blood flow, heart rate and blood pressure which may trigger the chances of heart attack rate in addict person. Before we can do any effort for reducing toxicity produced by tobacco products its mandatory to knowing the basic knowledge of tobacco products, their chemical composition, their mechanism of action with comparative toxicity and specific tobacco product related to a specific mouth part cancer. Because we can’t stop a person to start tobacco use but we can circulate the knowledge of tobacco products in adolescent groups so that when the beginner chose a tobacco product, he will be aware about the toxicity and affecting organ because of its use. So that, the toxicity can be minimised. Keywords: Tobacco consumption, nicotine, slow poison, cancer, comparative toxicity

Associations of Substance Use Behaviors With Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts Among US and Chinese Adolescents

Background: Adolescence has been described as a period of increased health risk-taking behaviors. Given the variety of cultural contexts, healthcare systems, and public health policies in different regions, the present study aimed to determine whether there are similar or different associations of substance use behaviors with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among US and Chinese adolescents.Methods: This study included a total of 14,765 US adolescents from the 2017 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) and 24,345 Chinese adolescents from the 2017 School-based Chinese Adolescents Health Survey (SCAHS).Results: The proportions of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were 17.4 and 5.7% among US adolescents, which were higher than those among Chinese adolescents (suicidal ideation: 13.7% and suicide attempts: 2.7%). Among Chinese adolescents, the most common substance use behavior was “alcohol use (55.4%),” followed by “cigarette use (11.6%).” Among US adolescents, the most popular substance was alcohol (ever used: 55.9%), followed by marijuana (ever used: 34.6%). Moreover, alcohol use was significantly related to suicidal ideation/suicide attempts only in Chinese adolescents [suicidal ideation: Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.71~2.06; suicide attempts: AOR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.71~2.63], and marijuana use was associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts only in the US adolescent group (suicidal ideation: AOR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.06~1.44; suicide attempts: AOR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.21~1.87). Moreover, although the associations of prescription pain medication use with suicide attempts were significant in both Chinese and US adolescent groups, the adjusted associations were stronger in Chinese adolescents than in US adolescents (Chinese adolescents: AOR = 3.97, 95% CI = 2.76~5.72; US adolescents: AOR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.43~2.16; P &lt; 0.05).Conclusions: The associations of alcohol use with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were only significant in Chinese adolescents. Marijuana use was associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts only in the US adolescent group. Although the associations of prescription pain medication use with suicide attempts were significant in both Chinese and US adolescent groups, the adjusted associations were significantly stronger for Chinese adolescents. These findings might be related to the differences in cultural contexts, healthcare systems, and public health policies in the two different countries.

Comparison of Antropometry and Physical Abilities between Trained and Untrained Individuals in Second Growth Phase

The growth and development of the body goes through two phases of rapid growth. First phase (0-5 years) and second phase (10-17 years). This study aimed to compare anthropometry and physical abilities between trained and untrained individuals in the second rapid growth phase (adolescence). This research method used analytic observational with cross sectional design. The sample study used adolescents aged 14 years old, consisted of trained adolescent groups (n=25) and untrained adolescent groups (n=32), with categorized throught the International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ). Each group measured height, weight, chest circumference, vital lung capacity (VC), oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate resting, heart rate exercise, and VO2Max. The results of the different test between trained and untrained groups with a significance level of p<0.05 showed there were significant differences in body height (p=0.000), VC (p=0.000), SpO2 (p=0,001), heart rate rest (p=0.000), and VO2Max (p=0.000). There were no significant differences in body weight (p=0.053), chest circumference (p=0.226), and heart rate exercise (p=0.242). As a conclusion, anthropometry and physical abilities of trained individuals was greater than the untrained individuals in the second rapid growth phase (adolescence).