Comparative Study of Four Coloured Nanoparticle Labels in Lateral Flow Immunoassay

The detection limit of lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is largely determined by the properties of the label used. We compared four nanoparticle labels differing in their chemical composition and colour: (1) gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), red; (2) Au-core/Pt-shell nanoparticles (Au@Pt NPs), black; (3) latex nanoparticles (LPs), green; and (4) magnetic nanoparticles (MPs), brown. The comparison was carried out using one target analyte—Erwinia amylovora, the causal bacterial agent of fire blight. All nanoparticles were conjugated with antibodies through methods that provide maximum functional coverage like physical adsorption (Au NPs, Au@Pt NPs) and covalent bonding (LPs, MPs). All conjugates demonstrated the same ability to bind with E. amylovora through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay where optical properties of the nanoparticles do not determine the registered signal. However, half-maximal binding was achieved at different numbers of nanoparticles because they differ in size. All conjugates based on four nanoparticle labels were used for lateral flow assays. As a result, Au@Pt NPs provided the minimal detection limit that corresponded to 103 CFU/mL. Au NPs and LPs detected 104 CFU/mL, and MPs detected 105 CFU/mL. The results highlight that simply choosing a coloured label can significantly affect the detection limit of LFIA.

Verification of Wishbone Bus Interface for SoC using System Verilog and UVM

The Verification phase carries important role in design cycle of a system on chip. Verification gives with the actual enactment and functionality of a DUT and to verify the design meets the system requirements. This paper present wishbone bus interface for soc integration to interconnect architecture for portable IP cores and test bench is developed in system Verilog and verification is done by both system Verilog verification methodology and universal verification methodology which includes scoreboard, functional coverage and assertion. This paper based on two application to integrate IP cores that is single master with single slave interconnection and single master with multiple slave interconnections where master is test bench and slave will be a core.

Verification of AMBA AHB Protocol using UVM

The project aims to verify the AMBA AHB protocol by using universal verification methodology is presented in this paper. Advanced high-performance(AHB) is used for communication of on chip bus which support single clock edge operation wider data 32/64/128 bit can be supported. The new verification constructs can be easily reused for the objected-oriented feature of universal verification methodology (UVM). Verification IP is the one which provides a smart way to verify the AHB Components. The advanced verification testbench incorporates the illustrations regarding simulation result are analysed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed testbench and functional coverage is to check functionality of the design. The self-checking mechanism using assertions improves the quality of UVM check by shortening time to debug and reducing time to cover for the in-depth understanding of test case output.

Verification of Open Core Protocol using System Verilog and UVM

The ever-increasing complexity of the integrated circuits design and the scale of the projects are making verification more challenging and time-consuming. As a result, the rapidly expanding VLSI industry necessitates a highly reliable and robust verification mechanism. In this paper, System Verilog Verification and Universal Verification Methodologies were adopted to verify the Accellera Open Core Protocol 3.0 as per specifications. According to the verification plan, the environment was developed under a dynamic approach, and the passive aspects included scoreboard, functional coverage, and system verilog assertions. The presented frameworks had verified OCP achieving successful dataflow signals extensions as per results.

An Integrated Workflow for Enhanced Taxonomic and Functional Coverage of the Mouse Faecal Metaproteome

The intestinal microbiota plays a key role in shaping host homeostasis by regulating metabolism, immune responses and behaviour. Its dysregulation has been associated with metabolic, immune and neuropsychiatric disorders and is accompanied by changes in bacterial metabolic regulation. Although proteomics is well suited for analysis of individual microbes, metaproteomics of faecal samples is challenging due to the physical structure of the sample, presence of contaminating host proteins and coexistence of hundreds of species. Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus regarding preparation of faecal samples, as well as downstream bioinformatic analyses following metaproteomic data acquisition. Here we assess sample preparation and data analysis strategies applied to mouse faeces in a typical LC-MS/MS metaproteomic experiment. We show that low speed centrifugation (LSC) of faecal samples leads to high protein identification rates and a balanced taxonomic representation. During database search, protein sequence databases derived from matched mouse faecal metagenomes provided up to four times more MS/MS identifications compared to other database construction strategies, while a two-step database search strategy led to accumulation of false positive protein identifications. Comparison of matching metaproteome and metagenome data revealed a positive correlation between protein and gene abundances, as well as significant overlap and correlation in taxonomic representation. Notably, nearly all functional categories of detected protein groups were differentially abundant in the metaproteome compared to what would be expected from the metagenome, highlighting the need to perform metaproteomics when studying complex microbiome samples.