The concept of “Natural cataclysm”: patterns and causal relationships

The article examines natural disasters directly occurring in the geographical shell. In the content of the article the authors give their own interpretation of the concept of “natural disaster”. A classification of natural disasters is proposed and their interactions are established. The causal relationships of natural disasters determining their factors, indicators and their consequences are revealed. The assessment of dangerous natural processes is given, and the classification of cataclysms is made by the scale of manifestation, time, nature of origin, area of manifestation, as well as by the nature of the impact. The following typology of natural disasters is presented: cataclysms that have a destructive effect (hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes, earthquakes); cataclysms that have a paralyzing (stopping) effect on the movement of vehicles (snowfall, downpour with flooding, ice, thunderstorm and fog); cataclysms that have a depleting effect (reduce the yield, soil fertility, water supply, etc.); cataclysms capable of causing technological accidents/natural and technical disasters (lightning, ice, icing, biochemical corrosion, etc.). At the same time the article deals with the tasks of monitoring and forecasting natural disasters. Particular attention is paid to the synthesis of environmental monitoring systems that ensure the collection, storage and processing of the necessary information to solve these problems. A new concept of synthesis of aerospace monitoring systems based on algorithms and methods of ecoinformatics and consisting the joint use of information technologies and models of evolution of environmental subsystems is characterized. Concrete situations of occurrence of natural disasters are analyzed.

Aerospace monitoring in the problems for assessment of geoecological risks for accidental spills of oil and petroleum products

Оценка геоэкологических рисков на объектах нефтегазового комплекса непосредственно связана с обеспечением безопасности территорий, на которых они расположены. Особенно тяжелые последствия воздействия на экологическое состояние территорий оказывают аварийные разливы нефти и нефтепродуктов. Решение данного класса задач требует оценки уровня аварийного разлива и его классификации с позиций возникновения чрезвычайной ситуации. В статье рассмотрена возможность замены традиционных визуальных методов оценки разливов на разработанные автоматизированные и автоматические способы, использующие для решения задач классификации материалов аэрокосмических съемок. Приведены результаты автоматической классификации изображений мониторинговых наблюдений, которые имели место при аварийном разливе дизельного топлива в г. Норильске, аварии танкера на морской акватории о. Маврикий и аварии сухопутного нефтепровода. Полученные результаты показали работоспособность разработанных методов и возможность их использования в задачах инвентаризации и паспортизации аварийных разливов нефти на суше и акваториях. Purpose. The aim of this work is to ensure the environmental safety of the territories where the accidental spills of oil and oil products have occurred. They have a significant negative impact on the environment of land and water areas. To minimize their impact and eliminate the consequences, an “emergency” regime is introduced in Russia. Depending on the level of the oil spill, it may cover both the territory of a separate facility and a region, and the entire state as a whole. Methods. Traditionally, an estimate of the level of a spill is determined based on the mass of the spilled oil through visual observations from aircraft or ground measurements at selected points. This approach does not allow an accurate assessment of the total area of pollution, the nature of pollution inside the oil slick, as well as the dynamics of its spread over time. To eliminate these limitations, it is proposed to use systems of aerospace monitoring observations and automatic measurements of oil slick parameters: area, composition and mass. To solve this problem, the method of “comparison with the reference standard” was used. Here, samples of color gradations of oil and oil product spill spots proposed in the Bonn Agreement of 2004 were prepared as reference standards. Results. The method was implemented using the experimental software complex AGIR-TM (Aerospace, Geoinformatics, Research, Risks-Technological Modules) which was developed at the Department of Geoecology of the Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (NRU). During the experimental testing of this method, the work was carried out to assess the accidental spill in the following cases diesel fuel in Norilsk (2020), oil on a tanker in the water area of Mauritius (2020) and oil in an oil pipeline (2012, 2017). The method provides the localization of the area spills along with the color correction (normalization), classification of the composition of oil and oil products and the through account of the investigated processes. The work results in determination for the area of the oil and oil products spill, its composition and weight. Conclusions. The article shows the relevance of solving problems related to the problem of liquidation of emergency spills of oil and oil products at the facilities of the oil and gas complex. The main approaches to aerospace monitoring observations and automatic interpretation of spill parameters are considered. The proposed approach is based on the use of “digital twins” that implement the transition from manual (visual) to automated and automatic modes for determining the parameters of an oil spill: area, composition and mass. The results presented in the article showed the efficiency of the proposed method and the possibility of its use in the tasks of assessing geoecological risks associated with accidental spills of oil and oil products on land and in water areas.

Oil-and-gas complex: problems and solutions: materials of the Third national scientific and practical conference with international participation

The collection includes materials submitted to the Third national scientific and practical conference «Oil and Gas complex: problems and solutions». The conference discussed the development of technologies for the successful operation of Russian oil and gas complex, their geological structure, geodetic support of economic activities, and the specifics of space and ground monitoring of natural and technogenic processes. The conference materials offer solutions in various subject areas. The information presented in collection will allow Russian and foreign scientists and specialists to get acquainted with latest achievements of technologies and equipment for prospecting, exploration, development of oil and gas fields, methods of processing aerospace monitoring data.

SPECTRAL TECHNIQUE FOR COMPLEX PROCESSING OF AEROSPACE MONITORING MULTISPECTRAL VIDEO DATA

The article studies the problem of increasing the efficiency of aerospace monitoring in identification of low-observable objects on the earth’s surface. The model of multispectral images based on spatial harmonic components is proposed. The article describes the algorithm of complex adaptive processing and image synthesis designed to improve identification of low-observable surface objects.

Improvement of the managing methodology of the development of complex agrotechnical systems of special purpose in modern conditions

Proper management of the agrobiological state of the soil environment is impossible without predicting the dynamics of changes in its condition. At the present stage, traditional monitoring systems based on laboratory analysis are most widely used. Such methods are quite accurate, but also cost-effective. Moreover, these systems have a rather large drawback – the speed of determining the agrobiological pa-rameters, in particular the nutrient content in the soil. All this ultimately affects the reliability and ef-fectiveness of decision making. However, even such information cannot provide the proper quality of technological operations in accordance with the agrobiological state of the soil environment. In this re-gard, there is an urgent need for the development and study of a methodology for managing the devel-opment of complex agrotechnical systems for special purposes in modern crop production technologies, the use of data that make it possible to ensure a given quality when performing a technological opera-tion. Based on the systematization of knowledge about managing the development of complex special-purpose systems, the features of their functioning in modern conditions, the directions of improving the management methodology, the principles of constructing a complex of methodological support for man-agement are determined, which implement closed cycles of developing control decisions and the organic relationship of long-term and current planning. As examples of complex special-purpose agrotechnical systems in this work, we use: agronomic (aerospace) monitoring systems for agricultural soils, precision farming systems using modern space navigation systems, and electrical conductivity monitoring sys-tems for agricultural soils.

ADAPTIVE MINIMAX ESTIMATION OF VIDEO-DATA IN AEROSPACE MONITORING APPLICATIONS

This article is dedicated to the problem of increasing the performance of aerospace monitoring and automatic video-data processing under prior uncertainty. The development of adaptive minimax estimate for the image model parameters is proposed, and the computational algorithm for adaptive estimation of video-data is described.