Optimization of the Composition of Silicone Enamel by the Taguchi Method Using Surfactants Obtained from Oil Refining Waste

The aim of this work is to optimize the composition of a two-component silicone enamel consisting of an aluminum pigment and a polyphenylsiloxane polymer to obtain the maximum dispersion of the pigment in the coating. The following products were used as surfactants: AS-1, PEPA, and Telaz. To assess the effect of surfactants on the dispersion of the pigment, computer-optical microscopy was used. The results of the studies showed that all the studied surfactants cause an improvement in the dispersion of the pigment. According to the degree of influence on the dispersion of the pigment, surfactants can be arranged in a row: PEPA > Telaz > AS-1. When the PEPA content in the enamel is 0.25 g/dm3, a decrease in the diameter of the pigment particles by 46% (from 26 to 14 microns) is recorded, with an increase in their specific amount by 2 times (from 258 to 550 pcs). Optimal enamel compositions allow a reduction in the corrosion rate by 11 times (from 0.6 to 0.053 mm/year) and improvement to the decorative properties of coatings (roughness, gloss, etc.). The effectiveness of the AS-1 product (obtained from oil refining waste) as a dispersant additive in silicone enamel has been proven.

Effect of the Dewaxol 7801 depressant-dispersant additive on summer diesel fuel

Obtaining winter diesel fuel is an expensive and complex process, in which paraffinic hydrocarbons are removed from the fuel. Today, the consumption of winter diesel fuel in Russia has reached its maximum, and the volume produced is not enough to meet the needs of the Russian market. Therefore, obtaining winter diesel fuel from summer grades, by adding a depressant additive, remains relevant. The most common depressants are ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers. The effectiveness of depressant-dispersant additives depends on the fractional and group hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel. Also, the physicochemical characteristics of the paraffins contained in the fuel play an important roleDuring long-term storage of fuel, depressants do not prevent fuel stratification. Therefore, together with a depressant additive, a paraffin dispersant is used, the composition of such additives includes mainly amides and imides of mono- and dicarboxylic acids. Dewaxol 7801 depressant and dispersant additive is a specially selected composition based on surfactants and copolymers in a hydrocarbon solvent. The use of this additive makes it possible to improve the low-temperature performance of diesel fuel without affecting other properties. From the low-temperature properties of diesel fuel, we have chosen the limiting filterability temperature, since it is this temperature that characterizes the real working conditions. When the maximum filterability temperature is reached, the n-paraffin crystals reach sizes exceeding the pore diameters of the filters, the fuel is not pumped through the fine filters of the high-pressure fuel pump, and the fluidity of the fuel deteriorates. The article shows the effect of Dewaxol 7801, a depressant-dispersant additive, on summer diesel fuel, in various concentrations and when the fuel is heated from 40 to 60 degrees in steps of 10 degrees.

Vegetable waxes as modifiers of surface properties of polymeric composites

We investigated the possibility of a complex use of vegetable waxes as modifiers of surface properties of polymeric composites. The wax samples were extracted from vegetable raw materials and then introduced into the rubber formulations used for the manufacture of the sidewalls of passenger tires and pigmented paints as a dispersant additive. Physical-mechanical properties of the obtained compositions were determined. The introduction of the investigated wax into serial rubber formulations does not impair the technical characteristics of the mixtures. The investigated waxes ensure a good protection of the elastomeric compositions against atmospheric aging. The waxy substances can be effectively used as additives that increase the ability of inorganic pigments to dispersion. The results showed that the introduction of the wax increased the hardness of the film coatings of paint-and-lacquer materials, the gloss of the prepared coatings being not substantially decreased.

Determination of polymeric functional additives in diesel fuel by gel penetration chromatography

Current article is devoted to the development of a method for determining polymer functional additives and their molecular weight characteristics in diesel fuel by gel penetration chromatography. The objects of the study were solutions of “C5A”, “Maxoil D”, “Detersol”, polymethymethacrylate “D” (PMAD), “Keropur D ”, Antigel “Difron 3319” and “Superantigel” individual additives as well as the diesel fuel produced by the “Kuban Oil and Gas Company - Ilskiy Oil Refinery”, LLC. The conditions for chromatographic separation and determination of polymeric functional additives were determined considering the analyzed fuel matrix, the working range of the separated masses and molecular weights of analytes, and the composition of the eluent applicable for wide range of analytes. The chromatographic system was calibrated using the narrowly dispersed analytical standard polystyrene samples with molecular weights of 1000, 2000, 4000, 10000, 30,000, 50,000, and 70,000 Da respectively. The molecular weight characteristics were calculated for each functional additive from the analytical standard samples of polystyrene. The method of GPC determination of polymeric functional additives in diesel fuel, along with the concentration characteristics, also makes it possible to determine the molecular weight parameters of wide range of polymeric functional additives; therefore, it is promising for monitoring the quality of the diesel fuel. The proposed analytical scheme was tested in the analysis of real sample of diesel fuel. The GPC scheme for the determination of the “Keroflux 3699” depressant-dispersant additive in diesel fuel included sample preparation using the solid-phase extraction, calibration of the chromatographic system using the standard polystyrene samples, GPC determination of additive components, and the calculation of molecular weight characteristics. The molecular weight characteristics of the “Keroflux 3699” depressant dispersant additive in diesel fuel have been established - the number average and weight average molecular weights equivalent to polystyrene were 10,300 and 8800 Da respectively, and the polydispersity index of the additive was 1.17.

Influence of a new dispersant additive amount on the structural and rheological properties of chamotte concrete and samples from it

The use of dispersing additives in the composition of concrete mixtures helps to reduce water demand, increase flow, increase strength after hardening in air. The effect of a new dispersant additive amount on a polycarbonate base in comparison with the currently used phosphate-containing additive on the structural and rheological properties of chamotte concrete from a mixture of the “SSHBD” grade and samples from it has been investigated. The optimal amount of new dispersant additive on the polycarbonate base has been established and it has been shown that, in its effect on the structural and rheological properties of concrete from a mixture of the “SSHBD” grade and the properties of samples from it, it is similar to the phosphate-containing additive used at present. The change nature of the concrete flowability is practically the same. "Vitality" (i.e. the time period during which the concrete mass is suitable for performing high-quality lining by vibrocasting) of the compared concretes is ~ 4 hours; cold crushing strength of concrete samples with additives after hardening in air for 7 days and heat treatment at a temperature of 110 °C, as well as cold crushing strength of samples after firing at a temperature of 1350 °C are practically the same. The use of new polycarbonate-based dispersant can be recommended for the preparation of chamotte concrete as an alternative phosphate-containing additive.

Experimental investigation of effect of biodiesel fatty acid methyl ester on performance of engine oil dispersant additive

In the present work, blends of methyl oleate (MO), polyisobutylene-bis-succinimide (PIBSI) and a mineral lubricant base oil were oxidized and some of their physicochemical properties were evaluated to understand the effects of biodiesel fatty acid methyl esters on the performance of the engine oil dispersant additive PIBSI. The oxidation experimentations of blends were conducted under elevated temperatures. Thereafter, the viscosity and acidity of fresh and oxidized blends were determined. The dispersancy, thermal stability and chemical species of oxidized samples were tested and analyzed by the blotter spot method, a TGA, and a GC/MS, respectively. Results showed that the viscosity and acidity of blends containing MO increased significantly after oxidation. The dispersing ability of PIBSI was markedly impaired by only a small amount of MO in a blend. In addition, the thermal characteristics of blends were altered by MO. Many varieties of oxygenated chemicals in the oxidized blend containing MO were detected. The negative impact of MO on performances of PIBSI was attributed to the accelerated oxidation caused by MO, and to the chemical interactions between MO and PIBSI. The present results demonstrated that PIBSI was incompatible with MO.

Decrease in Toxicity of Vehicle Exhaust Gases of Car Diesel by Conversion to Alcohol-Fuel Emulsions

The results of the studies of reducing the toxicity of vehicle exhaust gases of car diesel by conversion to alcohol-fuel emulsions are presented. At the same time, the necessity of applying alcohol-fuel emulsions as an environmentally friendly fuel is grounded. In order to develop, determine and optimize the composition of alcohol-fuel emulsions, their tests were carried out when the diesel engine is operated with diesel fuel, methanol and ethanol-fuel emulsions. Experimental studies have established that in car diesel engine 4 Ч 11,0/12,5, emulsions with the following composition may be optimal for use, %: alcohol (methanol or ethanol) – 25, detergent-dispersant additive succinimides C-5A -0.5, water – 7, diesel fuel – 67.5. Conversion of car diesel from diesel oil to methanol-fuel emulsion reduces the content of carbon black (C) in exhaust gases by 6.9 times, nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 41.3 %, carbon dioxide (CO2) by 6.7 %, oxide carbon (CO) by 45.0 %; on the ethanol-fuel emulsion – C in 5.2 times, NOx by 50.2 %, CO2 by 23.8 %, CO by 25.0 %.