Optimizing the size of a hybrid renewable energy system using various types of storage technologies

Hybrid renewable energy (HRE) systems without connection to the grid have a series of drawbacks due to the lack of reliability in the predictability of the climate, for this reason it is necessary to achieve the optimal sizing of the system components together with reliable storage systems to ensure the correct energy supply. At present commercially there are several storage technologies, lead acid batteries are the most used however they are losing space compared to lithium ion in stationary applications despite the uncertainties for cost and profitability, another technology is pumped hydro, appears as a clean solution unlike the previous ones. In this document the hybrid system composed of photovoltaic panels, a biogas generator and the three types of storage individually by means of technological tools is optimized, the result of the techno-economical simulation indicates that the system with pumped hydro has the lowest energy cost (COE) with 0.299 $/kWh, while the system with acid lead batteries has the highest energy cost at 0.401 $/kWh but has the lowest initial project cost 1.05 M$, lithium ion batteries reach a longer life time.

Terms in LS coupling

“Terms in LS coupling” shows how quantum numbers L, S can be assigned for a given configuration of electrons. Certain values of L, S are excluded when the electrons are “equivalent”. It is shown how wave functions can be calculated for the permitted states. Those wave functions explain what went wrong with accounts discredited in Chapter 16. The correct energy-order of the states makes sense when put alongside the wave functions.

Applications of quantum computing for investigations of electronic transitions in phenylsulfonyl-carbazole TADF emitters

A quantum chemistry study of the first singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) excited states of phenylsulfonyl-carbazole compounds, proposed as useful thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters for organic light emitting diode (OLED) applications, was performed with the quantum Equation-Of-Motion Variational Quantum Eigensolver (qEOM-VQE) and Variational Quantum Deflation (VQD) algorithms on quantum simulators and devices. These quantum simulations were performed with double zeta quality basis sets on an active space comprising the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO, LUMO) of the TADF molecules. The differences in energy separations between S1 and T1 (ΔEST) predicted by calculations on quantum simulators were found to be in excellent agreement with experimental data. Differences of 17 and 88 mHa with respect to exact energies were found for excited states by using the qEOM-VQE and VQD algorithms, respectively, to perform simulations on quantum devices without error mitigation. By utilizing state tomography to purify the quantum states and correct energy values, the large errors found for unmitigated results could be improved to differences of, at most, 4 mHa with respect to exact values. Consequently, excellent agreement could be found between values of ΔEST predicted by quantum simulations and those found in experiments.

Solar Potential in Saudi Arabia for Southward-Inclined Flat-Plate Surfaces

The major objective of the present work is to investigate into the appropriate tilt angles of south-oriented solar panels in Saudi Arabia for maximum performance. This is done with the estimation of the annual energy sums received on surfaces with tilt angles in the range 15°–55° inclined to south at 82 locations covering all Saudi Arabia. The analysis shows that tilt angles of 20°, 25° and 30° towards south are the optimum ones depending on site. These optimum tilt angles define three distinct solar energy zones in Saudi Arabia. The variation of the energy sums in each energy zone on annual, seasonal and monthly basis is given; the analysis provides regression equations for the energy sums as function of time in each case. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the annual global inclined solar energy in Saudi Arabia is shown in a solar map specially derived. The annual energy sums are found to vary between 1612 kWhm−2year−1 and 2977 kWhm−2year−1 across the country. Finally, the notion of a correction factor is introduced, defined, and employed. This factor can be used to correct energy values estimated by a reference ground albedo to those based on near-real ground albedo.

Numerical Analysis of an Applicator for Hyperthermia Treatment of Melanoma

This document presents the design and validation of an applicator conceived for hyperthermia treatment of the melanoma in the human male torso and female leg. The applicator consists of an antenna array operating in the 5.8GHz ISM band immersed in an interface layer. The resulting device is comfortable to wear by the patient, low-cost and easy to store and handle. Simulation is carried out using Sim4Life and the ViP 3.0 human model, and the results demonstrate correct energy delivery to the tissue under treatment.

Quantum Algebraic Description of the Pairing Correlations in a Single-j Nuclear Shell

Pairing in a single-j shell is described in terms of two Q-oscillators, one describing the J=0 fermion pairs and the other corresponding to the J≠0 pairs, the deformation parameter Τ = lnQ being related to the inverse of the size of the shell. Using these two oscillators an SUQ(2) algebra is constructed, while a pairing Hamiltonian giving the correct energy eigenvalues up to terms of first order in the small parameter can be written in terms of the Casimir operators of the algebras appearing in the UQ(2) > UQ(1) chain, thus exhibiting a quantum algebraic dynamical symmetry. The additional terms introduced by the Q-oscillator are found to improve the agreement with the experimental data for the neutron pair separation energies of the Sn isotopes, with no extra parameter introduced.

From Bore–Soliton–Splash to a New Wave-to-Wire Wave-Energy Model

We explore extreme nonlinear water-wave amplification in a contraction or, analogously, wave amplification in crossing seas. The latter case can lead to extreme or rogue-wave formation at sea. First, amplification of a solitary-water-wave compound running into a contraction is disseminated experimentally in a wave tank. Maximum amplification in our bore–soliton–splash observed is circa tenfold. Subsequently, we summarise some nonlinear and numerical modelling approaches, validated for amplifying, contracting waves. These amplification phenomena observed have led us to develop a novel wave-energy device with wave amplification in a contraction used to enhance wave-activated buoy motion and magnetically induced energy generation. An experimental proof-of-principle shows that our wave-energy device works. Most importantly, we develop a novel wave-to-wire mathematical model of the combined wave hydrodynamics, wave-activated buoy motion and electric power generation by magnetic induction, from first principles, satisfying one grand variational principle in its conservative limit. Wave and buoy dynamics are coupled via a Lagrange multiplier, which boundary value at the waterline is in a subtle way solved explicitly by imposing incompressibility in a weak sense. Dissipative features, such as electrical wire resistance and nonlinear LED loads, are added a posteriori. New is also the intricate and compatible finite-element space–time discretisation of the linearised dynamics, guaranteeing numerical stability and the correct energy transfer between the three subsystems. Preliminary simulations of our simplified and linearised wave-energy model are encouraging and involve a first study of the resonant behaviour and parameter dependence of the device.

Improved Exposure To Blue Light For Bacterial Death Of Staph

ABSTRACTIn this study, bacteria Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus is exposed to a blue LED light source (light-emitting diode) to determine the appropriate energy to kill the exposure-caused bacteria. The longest exposure times are 1200, 1800, 2400, 3000 seconds, and power 28.098, 56.561, 74.882, and 96.369 MW. The number of bacterial colonies incubated by TPC (total plate number) at 37 degrees 24-48 hours while the plant is alive. Determine the correct energy caused by exposure to the blue LED lamp, therefore, perform mold analysis, non-compliance, and quantitative energy analysis. These results show that the death of streptococcus skin is generally affected by high energy. From this study, we found that 74,882 MW of energy and 179,716.8 MJ of bacteria per 2,400 seconds were the best energy week.Keywords: Staphylococcus epidermidis, a blue LED, exposure time, the power of exposure, CFU