NOMENCLATURE OF SCIENTIFIC SPECIALTIES FOR LAW SCIENCES IN 2021

The new nomenclature of scientific specialties for legal sciences, approved in Russia in 2021, is analyzed. The theoretical and practical inconsistency of the formulation of the first of the five positions in this Nomenclature in the section of legal sciences – "theoretical and historical legal sciences" is shown. The author's formulation of a scientific specialty is proposed 5.1.1. A warning is expressed against drawing up "passports" for new specialties and formulating categories similar to the "subject of a scientific specialty".

Criminal law sciences and the forensic component of criminal law knowledge

The article analyzes the processes associated with the creation of a new scientific specialty “criminal law sciences” from the standpoint of understanding the essence of the criminalistic culture of law enforcement and its connection with related branches of scientific knowledge. Emphasis is placed on tracing the complexity factor in the structure of the new scientific specialty. Some hypotheses are expressed about the prospects for the development of a scientific specialty and approaches to optimizing the complex of criminal law knowledge and the interrelated sphere of practical activity.

Historical Aspects of the Development of the State Educational System in the Field of Clinical Toxicology in Russia

Summary. The analysis of the historical development of the state system of training in the field of clinical toxicology showed that the opening of the first specialized departments (centers) served as an impulse for the adoption in the future of appropriate organizational decisions and regulatory documents that led to the creation of the country’s first department of clinical toxicology. In addition, this became possible after the emergence of qualified personnel of clinical toxicologists, as well as scientific and practical areas, primarily general resuscitation and toxicological chemistry, and the achievements of fundamental sciences, new pharmacological and technical means of detoxification of the body, on which basis educational materials of the proper level were formed.An important role for the creation of the Department of Clinical Toxicology was played by the publication by E.A. Luzhnikov, the country’s first textbook on clinical toxicology. The results of the activities of Academician E.A. Luzhnikov in the organization of training in the field of clinical toxicology also contributed to the acquisition of a comprehensive level of knowledge and the expansion of teaching in this direction.However, today, clinical toxicology has not become a basic specialty in the vast majority of medical institutions of higher education, including Moscow, which, in our opinion, hinders the process of training the required number of practical, scientific, and teaching personnel in this area.The choice of clinical bases for training is of fundamental importance, of which multidisciplinary research emergency hospitals or emergency hospitals are optimal.Along with the proven form of teaching in the form of field cycles, further reflection requires the place of distance learning as another approach to expanding the audience of listeners. It is also absolutely necessary to support the teaching process within the framework of continuous professional education, including cooperation with scientific and practical medical societies.The most important component of the learning process is the accumulation of scientific experience in the specialty, to which a decisive contribution is made by the creation of scientific schools on the bases of toxicological subdivisions. Additional opportunities are also provided by the modern formation of the scientific specialty “Toxicology”, which makes it possible to achieve the most qualified examination of the results of scientific research.Conclusion.The development of the state educational system in the field of clinical toxicology in Russia is closely related to its formation as an independent scientific and practical direction in medicine, which has high social significance, and the adoption of the experience gained in the course of educational activities.

Fighting and Victory as Basic Terms in Agonistics and Praxeology and the Art of War

Questions of how to overcome problems are probably the basic questions of fighters. Answers to them, from a historical perspective, the principles of martial art have been provided. These provisions, often mutually exclusive, raise questions related to the scientific approach to this issue. The scientific specialty dealing with the issue of combat is agonistics. This article is devoted to the presentation of the main concepts of agonistics and the general combat theory. In the first section, the author searches for an answer to the question whether an agonist meets the basic criteria of a scientific theory. The second section is devoted to the presentation of its main category, which is the concept of struggle. The last chapter refers to the purposeful cause of this theory represented by the concept of victory. This article confronts praxeological and sociological content with concepts characteristic of martial arts, and its main idea is to harmonize divergent insights on the phenomenon of struggle and victory, the main categories of agonistics. The research used theoretical (analysis, synthesis, comparison, inference and generalization) and empirical methods have been used. Additionally, a diagnostic survey has included the expert interview technique. The research results are presented in individual subsections of the article.

Strategic tools to improve of environmental friendliness of logistics chains

The transport of goods contributes to an increase in global greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the fact that its share is much less than that of industries, there is significant legislative pressure to reduce emissions from transport. A review and critical analysis of strategies to reduce or completely eliminate the negative impact of international logistics supply chains on the environment was carried out.Comparative characteristics of transport modes are presented, taking into account their negative impact on the environment. An extended review of scientific and practical publications on the topic of “green supply chain management” was carried out in order to reduce the negative impact of cargo transportation on the environment. Strategic solutions have been identified and analyzed to reduce emissions associated with the transportation of goods. Highlighted strategies, the attitude towards which in society has changed for the worse.The main method used is critical analysis. The subject of research is the area according to the passport of the scientific specialty 05.22.01 “Transport and transport-technological systems of the country, its regions and cities, organization of production in transport”, p. 6 “Protection of the environment from the polluting effects of transport”.The scientific novelty of the research lies in the proposed theoretical foundations and the identification of operational “tools” for improving the environmental friendliness of supply chains in the form of combined strategies.The relevance of the work is substantiated by environmental priorities in the state policy of the Russian Federation. In 2019, a large-scale national project “Ecology” was launched in our country, the main goal of which is to change the negative impact on the environment by 2030 and create comfortable living conditions for people in the country.It has been found that the available modes of transport vary greatly in emissions, with slower modes of transport generally having fewer emissions than faster ones.

Attributes of criminalistics

This article continues the author’s reflections on the essence and content of the sciences of the anti-criminal cycle. Previously, the object, subject and methodology of the science of criminal procedure [1; 2], new scientific specialty 5.1.4 — Criminal law sciences [3], as well as certain provisions of criminalistics [4—6]. Within the framework of this article, it is necessary to approach the attributes of the science of criminalistics and try to understand what they are.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FOR THE REST OF THE SCIENCES OF THE ANTI-CRIMINAL CYCLE

In the light of the unification of the sciences of the anti-criminal cycle into one general scientific specialty, the question of the «leader» of this science arises. Purpose: to convince readers that this should be the science of criminal procedure. Methods: the authors use the methods of dialectical and formal logic, comparison, description, interpretation. Some techniques of rhetorical argumentation are also used. The main argument advanced by the authors in favor of their position is based on a new type of post-classical law-based approach, according to which law is a process. Therefore, actual criminal law is the meaning of the text of the article (articles) of the Criminal Code in the context of the operative part of a conviction, another final procedural decision in the case. Results: the authors conclude that the modern science of criminal law, while remaining dogmatic, is held captive by outdated («classical») ideas about criminal responsibility, criminal law relation, the basis for them and their origin, as well as other concepts of material determinism. It is suggested that procedural determinism should be a scientific methodology, focusing on the primacy of the process and the derivation of substantive law phenomena, including criminal law itself, from the process. In the article, in the likeness of «Luther's theses» objections to dogmatism and the foundations of the reformation of criminal law knowledge are presented.

PERTURBATION OF SCIENTIFIC SPECIALTIES IN LAW AND THE PLACE OF BUSINESS LAW IN THE NEW SYSTEM

Introduction: attention to the problems of scientific specialties is explained by a number of factors of a substantive and formal-institutional nature. The predicted change in the nomenclature of scientific specialties, including law, makes the research topical. Purpose: to identify the consequences and evaluate the results of future changes with extrapolation of conclusions to the science of business law. Methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, historicism, description, interpretation, forecasting, as well as sociological and historical methods. Results: an excursion into the history of the issue is made: the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet periods are covered. Based on the actual data, it is shown that permanent changes in the system of scientific specialties in law are a tradition of Russian science. At the same time, the previously mentioned changes were of an evolutionary nature. The current situation with dissertation research within the current nomenclature is highlighted. Factors of popularity of the scientific specialty 12.00.03 are revealed, among which-stability, successful arrangement of branches, demand for scientists. The conclusion about the correctness of preserving business law within the same specialty with civil law is confirmed. Essential and bureaucratic problems of the scientific specialty 12.00.07 are shown. The article presents the data of a sociological study, the results of which indicate divergence and progressive autarky in the field of social Sciences. The characteristics of the main expected changes in the nomenclature of scientific specialties in law, including such as consolidation, rejection of the industry criterion in the formation are given. A forecast is made about the consequences of the introduction of these innovations. The author’s opinion is expressed regarding the place of business law in the new system of scientific specialties. Attention is drawn to possible problems and a way to overcome them is suggested. Conclusions: the new paradigm of scientific specialties in law should be evaluated positively. Its application allows us to approach the interdisciplinarity, complexity of scientific research, and the creation of dissertations as integral projects. In addition to the content side, the new nomenclature is designed to minimize problems in the formation of dissertation councils, selection of candidates for official opponents, and scientific organizations.