Use of PNUTGRO model for optimization of sowing date and plant spacing to maximize yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Lkkj & ihuVxzks ¼ih- ,u- ;w- Vh- th- vkj- vks-½ ekWMy dh izkekf.kdrk fl) djus ds fy, 1987 - 90 ds nkSjku vkuan] xqtjkr esa {ks=h; iz;ksx fd, x, gSaA bl ekWMy dk mi;ksx ew¡xQyh dh QhuksykWth] c<+ksrjh] fodkl vkSj iSnkokj dk iwokZuqeku yxkus ds fy, fd;k x;k gSSA ew¡xQyh ds izfr:fir iq"iu] isfxax] Qyh cuus vkSj Qyh idus dh frfFk;ksa] i.khZ {ks=Qy lwpdkad ¼,y- ,- vkbZ-½ tSoHkkj] 'kSfyax dk izfr’kr rFkk iSnkokj dh rqyuk rhu i)fr;ksa uker% th- ,- ;w- th- 10] th- ,- ;w- th- 2 vkSj vkj- vk-sa - 33 - 1 ls izkIr gq, iszf{kr ekuksa ds lkFk dh xbZ gSA izfr:fir ?kVukØe ls iq"iu ds fy, ,d fnu deh rFkk ik¡p fnu dh c<+r dk] isfxxa ds fy, 2 ls 6 fnuksa dh c<+r] Qyh cuus ds fy, 3 fnu dh deh rFkk 6 fnuksa dh c<+r dk vkSj Qyh idus ds fy, 6 fnu dh deh rFkk 5 fnu rd dh c<+r dk varj ik;k x;k gSA okLrfod ekuksa dh rqyuk esa bl ekWMy ls i.khZ {ks=Qy lwpdkad 91-8 ls 105-8 izfr’kr vkSj 'kSfyax dk izfr’kr 81-5 ls 109-8 ik;k x;k gSA bl ekWMy ls ew¡xQyh dh iSnkokj izsf{kr ekuksa dh rqyuk esa 88-5 ls 112-7 izfr’kr rd ikbZ xbZ gSA bl ekWMy ls izkIr ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij ij yxkrkj pkj Qlyksa vkSj _rqvksa ds laca/k esa ew¡xQyh dh QhuksYkWkth] c<+ksrjh] fodkl vkSj iSnkokj ds ckjs esa iwokZuqeku larks"ktud ik;k x;k gSA ew¡xQyh dh izsf{kr vkSj izfr:fir iSnkokj ds chp 11 izfr’kr dh ?kVc<+ ikbZ xbZ gS ftlls irk pyrk gS fd ekWMy ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k iwokZuqeku larks"ktud gSA ,y- ,- vkbZ- dks NksMdj okLrfod ekuksa vkSj izsf{kr ekuksa esa varj ¼Mh-½ 0-03 vkSj 1-77 ds chp jgk gS ftlls ekWMy ds larks"ktud dk;Z djus dk irk pyrk gSA izfr:i.k v/;;uksa ds ifj.kkeksa ls irk pyrk gS fd tc vf/kd o"kkZ gksus dhs laHkkouk gks rks ew¡xQyh ds chtksa dh lkekU; nwjh rFkk cqokbZ ds lkekU; le; dh vis{kk chtksa dks vf/kd ikl&ikl cksdj rFkk cqokbZ yxHkx ,d lIrkg igys djds ew¡xQyh dh vf/kd iSnkokj izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA Field experiments were conducted at Anand, Gujarat during 1987-90 to validate the PNUTGRO model. The model was used to predict phenology, growth, development and yield of groundnut. The simulated flowering, pegging, pod formation and pod maturity dates, leaf area index (LAI), biomass, shelling % and pod yield of groundnut were compared with the observed values for three cultivars viz., GAUG 10, GAUG 2 and Ro-33-1. The simulated phenological events showed a deviation of –1 to +5 days for flowering, +2 to +6 days for peg formation, -3 to +6 days for pod formation and –6 to +5 days for pod maturity of the crop. The model estimated leaf area index within 91.8 to 105.8% and shelling percentage within 81.5 to 109.8% of the actual values. The model simulated the pod yields within 88.5 to 112.7% of the observed values. The results obtained with the model for the four consecutive crops and seasons revealed satisfactory prediction of phenology, growth, development and yield of groundnut. The percent error between observed and simulated pod yield was 11% which indicated satisfactory prediction by the model. The degree of agreement (d) ranged between 0.03 and 1.77 except for LAI indicating satisfactory performance of the model. Results of simulation studies indicated that when there is a possibility of high rainfall higher pod yield can be achieved by adopting closer spacing and early sowing (one week earlier than normal date of sowing) compared to normal spacing and date of sowing.

Configural sensitivity to inter-letter spacing in visual word perception

The word superiority effect refers to the phenomenon that people have better recognition of letters presented within words as compared to recognition of isolated letters. Although many previous research on how the spatial relations between letters in words affect the perceptual processing through the inversion paradigm, a significant amount of effort goes into setting the default inter-letter spacing when designing new fonts. Our current research examines the effect of manipulating letter spacing on the processing efficiency, as a measure of the word superiority effect. First, we tested multiple different words instead of fixed word stimuli to show that measures of efficiency can be generalized; second, we disrupted default inter-letter spacing by increasing, decreasing, and randomizing letter spacing to explore the extent to which the efficiency was sustained with the assessment functions. Our results indicate that participants are limited capacity only in the extreme spacing scenario. Additionally, the principle component (PC) analysis shows that highest PC values occur at normal spacing with degradation with increased disruption—spreading or narrowing. These results appear to confirm the configural nature of perceptual processing with normally-spaced words between identifiable tracking and kerning boundaries, and agree well with the ideas about optimal spacing by type designers and typographers implicit in general notion of "rhythmic spacing''. This work is also notable in that we demonstrate the use of assessment functions as a standardized tool for assessing the capacity benefits and efficiency of configural processing.

QUALITY OF SOWING AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAIZE AS A FUNCTION OF BLACK OAT MANAGEMENT METHODS APPLIED IN DIFFERENT PERIODS BEFORE MAIZE SOWING

The correct straw management in no-tillage system is necessary and has demonstrated to be an excellent alternative to improve sowing quality. Cover crop management periods may compromise the performance of planters and the productivity of the successor crop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of black oat management methods, carried out in different periods before maize planting, on the quality of sowing and development of the crop. Two experiments were conducted in the municipality of Coimbra, MG: the first in 2013 and the second in 2016. Randomized block design was used in both experiments, in split-plot arrangement (4x3), with four replications. The plots consisted of four black oat management periods (21, 14, 7 and 0 days before sowing) and the subplots consisted of three black oat management methods (desiccated, rolled and cleared). The plants were managed in the flowering stage. The characteristics evaluated were: average, faulty, double and normal spacing between plants; sowing depth; emergence speed index; plant stand; and uniformity of plant development in V5 stage. In both experiments, the desiccated black oat presented lower emergence speed index, plant stand and uniformity of plant development. The mechanical managements of black oat, regardless of the period before maize planting, improve the quality of maize sowing, with significant reduction of faulty and double spacing, and promote proper plant development.

Distribution of corn plants in a pneumatic system with different vacuum pressure adjustments and seed sieves

The use of seeders with pneumatic distribution systems is increasingly demanding for plantation of corn crop. Knowledge about the operation and adjustments of the components of agricultural machines is fundamental to increase the good distribution of plants and to ensure higher productivity. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the influence of the size of the corn seed sieve under different vacuum pressure regulations on a pneumatic distribution system, to understand the longitudinal uniformity of the plants, as well as the final and individual productivity per plant. The vSet® (Precision Planting®) pneumatic distribution system equipped with 4 corn seed sieves (C1, C4, R1, and R4) subjected to 4 different vacuum pressure adjustments (7, 12, 17 and 22 in H2O-1) was applied as treatments on corn hybrid 30F53VYH. The design used was that of randomized blocks, with subdivided plots and 4 replications. The main plot presented the vacuum pressures and the subplots presented the sieves, each composed of two sowing lines of 20 m in length. The results showed that low vacuum pressure resulted in increased unevenness between corn spacings and consequently lower yield. Smaller sieves showed less gaps and higher percentages of normal spacing. The larger sieves showed higher standard deviation and more gaps. Regular and uneven gaps provided a higher number of grains per row, higher number of grains per corn spike and a higher grain yield per corn spike.

Combining ability analysis for grain and fodder traits in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

Over the environment, on the basis of days to flowering and suitability for dual purpose analysis was carried out of 100 genotypes including 75 F1s with 20 parents and 5 checks. Data were collected for grain yield, dry fodder yield, protein content in grain, protein content in fodder, TSS and juiciness. Variations between lines, testers and line × tester was significant for all characters. As both grain and dry fodder yield are important dual-purpose attributes, lines ICSA 202, ICSA 349 and ICSA 357 and ICSA 481 were found to be good general combiners for both grain and dry fodder yield. Two crosses viz., ICSA 29002 × SU 1565 and ICSA 356 × SU 1570 exhibited significant SCA effects in all the four environments whereas hybrids ICSA 552 × SU 1561, ICSA 202 × SU 1570,, ICSA 349 × SU 1561, ICSA 208 × SU 1561, ICSA 474 × SU 1561 and ICSA 357 × SU 1565 showed good SCA effects in normal spacing (E1 and E3) and ICSA 481 × SU 1561 and ICSA 399 × SU 1557 in wider spacing (E2 and E4) for both grain and dry fodder yield. These lines and crosses also expressed positive significant GCA and SCA effects for majority of the remaining fodder quality traits.

KESESUAIAN BEBERAPA GALUR KAPAS BERDAUN OKRA PADA SISTEM TANAM RAPAT

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Tanaman kapas dengan bentuk daun yang menjari (okra) diharapkanbisa dikembangkan dengan sistem tanam rapat untuk meningkatkan hasilkapas berbiji. Penelitian lapang dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Asem-bagus, Situbondo, Jawa Timur mulai Februari-Juli 2007 dan bertujuanuntuk mengetahui kesesuaian galur kapas berdaun okra pada sistem tanamrapat. Sistem tanam rapat yang dimaksud adalah sistem tanam monokulturdengan jarak tanam dalam barisan dirapatkan yaitu dengan jarak tanam100 cm x 10 cm (100.000 tan/ha). Percobaan disusun dalam rancanganacak kelompok dengan 3 ulangan dan 1 ulangan monokultur dengan sistemtanam normal (100 cm x 25 cm; 40.000 tan/ha). Perlakuan terdiri dari 14galur/varietas kapas yang terdiri atas 12 galur berdaun okra dan 2 varietasberdaun normal (Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 13) sebagai pembanding.Paramater yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, lebar kanopi, jumlahcabang generatif, jumlah buah/tanaman setiap bulan mulai 60-120 HST.Bobot buah, jumlah buah terpanen dan hasil kapas berbiji diamati saatpanen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan populasi tanam-an menurunkan jumlah cabang generatif, jumlah buah dan bobot buah pertanaman. Semua galur okra yang dicoba pada sistem tanam rapat rata-ratahanya meningkatkan hasil kapas berbiji 2,12% dibanding pada populasinormal. Rata-rata hasil kapas berbiji galur okra pada populasi rapat adalah2.315,8 kg/ha dan pada populasi normal 2.293,2 kg/ha. Selanjutnya hasilkapas berbiji berdaun normal Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 13 pada populasirapat masing-masing 2.159 dan 2.179 kg/ha dan pada populasi normal1.983 kg/ha dan 2.525 kg/ha. Galur okra 98040/3 dan 98048/2 menghasil-kan produksi tertinggi pada populasi rapat (masing-masing 2.640 kg/hadan 2.627 kg/ha) dan pada populasi normal (2.688 kg/ha dan 2.807 kg/ha).Kedua galur okra tersebut mempunyai potensi hasil yang lebih tinggidibanding kapas berdaun normal (Kanesia 8 dan Kanesia 13) baik padapopulasi rapat maupun populasi normal.</p><p>Kata kunci: Gossypium hirsutum L., tanam rapat, daun okra</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Suitability of Cotton Lines with Okra Leaves UnderNarrow Interrow SpacingOkra leaf cotton crop may have a potential increase in the seedcotton yield under narrow inter row spacing. Okra leaf cotton lines weretested in relative performance under high interrow spacing. The field trialwas conducted at the Asembagus Experimental Station, Situbondo, EastJava from February to July 2007. Okra leaf cotton lines were planted asmonocrop with plant spacing of 100 cm between rows and 10 cm withinrows (100,000 plants/ha). Experiment was arranged in a randomized blockdesign with three replicates. In addition, one plot was allocated formonocrop with normal inter row spacing (100 cm between rows and 25 cmwithin rows; 40,000 plants/ha). Fourteen selected cotton lines consistingof 12 lines with okra leaf and 2 varieties (Kanesia 8 and Kanesia 13) withnormal leaf as check varieties were tested. Cotton plant height, canopywidth, number of fruiting branches, and boll/plant were measured monthlyfrom 60-120 dap. Boll weight, number of harvested bolls, and seed cottonyield were counted at harvesting. Results showed that increased plantdensity resulted in reduced fruiting branches, boll count, and boll weight.The okra leaf cotton under high crop density system showed a yieldincrease by 2.12% compared to normal spacing. Average seed cotton yieldunder narrow interrow spacing was 2,315.8 kg/ha and the average yieldunder normal interrow spacing was 2,293.2 kg/ha. Okra lines cotton98040/3 and 98048/2 showed the highest yield under narrow interrowspacing (2,640 and 2,627 kg/ha) and under normal interrow spacing (2,688kg/ha dan 2,807 kg/ha). Both lines offered higher yield than those withnormal leaf under high interrow spacing and normal population.</p><p>Key words: Gossypium hirsutum L., high interrow spacing, okra leaf</p>

SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF CORN SEEDS IN FUNCTION OF THE DISPLACEMENT SPEED

Spatial variability of longitudinal distribution of corn seeds in function of the displacement speed Elivânia Maria Sousa Nascimento1, Carlos Alessandro Chioderoli2, Marcelo Queiroz Amorim3, Jean Lucas Pereira Oliveira4, José Evanaldo Lima Lopes5 1 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Avenida Mister Hull, Bloco 804, s/n, Pici, 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, [email protected]. 2 Curso de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Avenida Rio Paranaíba, 1229, 38280-000, Iturama, Minas Gerais, Brasil, [email protected]. 3 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Avenida Mister Hull, Bloco 804, s/n, Pici, 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, [email protected]. 4 Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal São Paulo, 14884-900, [email protected]. 5 Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural do Ceará, Avenida Bezerra de Menezes, 1900, São Gerardo, 60325-105, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. [email protected]. Abstract: In the seeding process, factors many interfere in the plants stand, among them, the longitudinal distribution of seeds as a function of displacement speed. So, objective of this study is to assess the spatial variability of the longitudinal distribution of corn seeds as a function of the displacement speed of the tractor seed-fertilizer. The experiment had conducted at the Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil in an area 0.19 ha. The speeds were 4.59; 6.86 and 8.16 km h-1. The regularity of plants longitudinal distribution was determined 21 days after seeding, and within each point the distance between the corn plants in the central line of ten meters in length was measured, percentage of spacing between plants considered as acceptable, multiples and failures. The results showed that the displacement speed negatively influenced the longitudinal distribution of seeds for the normal spacing and positively of failures spacing. The spatial dependence analysis proved to be a useful tool to represent the behavior of the longitudinal distribution of seeds evaluated in sowing operation as a function of the displacement speed. Keywords: geostatistic, mechanization. production. Variabilidade espacial da distribuição longitudinal de sementes de milho em função da velocidade de deslocamento Resumo: No processo de semeadura, para se obter produtividades elevadas, inúmeros fatores interferem no estande de plantas, dentre estes, a distribuição longitudinal das sementes em função da velocidade de deslocamento. Assim objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar a variabilidade espacial da distribuição longitudinal de sementes de milho em função da velocidade de deslocamento do conjunto trator semeadora-adubadora. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza/CE em uma área de 0,19 ha. As velocidades de deslocamento utilizadas foram 4,59; 6,86 e 8,16 km h-1. A regularidade da distribuição longitudinal de plantas foi determinada 21 dias após a semeadura, sendo que, dentro de cada ponto procedeu-se a mensuração da distância entre as plantas de milho existentes na linha central de dez metros de comprimento, calculando o percentual de espaçamentos entre plantas, considerado em aceitáveis, múltiplos e falhos. Os resultados mostraram a velocidade de deslocamento influenciou negativamente na distribuição longitudinal de sementes para a classe de espaçamentos normal e positivamente na classe de espaçamentos falhos. A análise da dependência espacial demonstrou ser ferramenta útil para representar o comportamento da distribuição longitudinal de sementes avaliadas em operação de semeadura em função da velocidade de deslocamento. Palavras-chave: geoestatística, mecanização, produtividade.

Precision nitrogen management in drip irrigated maize (Zea mays L.)

The field experiment was conducted during kharif 2014 and 2015 at ZARS, V. C. Farm, Mandya to study the effect of precision nitrogen management on growth, yield and economics of drip irrigated maize. There were 9 treatments replicated thrice in Randomized Complete Block Design. Among the various treatments, drip fertigation of nitrogen through Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) meter sufficiency index of 95-100 per cent under paired row (30/90) recorded significantly higher growth and yield parameters viz., plant height, LAI, total dry matter production, cob length, number of rows per cob, number of kernels per cob and cob weight along with kernel (85.73 and 86.78 q/ha) and stover yield (140.4 and 145.3 q/ha) during both the years of experimentation as compared to UAS Bangalore package with surface irrigation and normal spacing of 60 cm X 30 cm and was being on par with nitrogen management through Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) 6, SPAD sufficiency index of 90-95 per cent and LCC 5. The SPAD sufficiency index of 95-100 per cent registered higher net returns (Rs. 69,634 and Rs. 77,614, respectively) and B:C ratio (2.82 and 3.00, respectively) followed by LCC 6.

Effects of Pipeline Elevation Changes on Optimum Expelling Procedures for Gas Pipelines

Expeller performance has been evaluated in terms of the capability to create suction pressure at the throat. This formulation has been used to assess the effectiveness of evacuating combustible gases from an isolated, depressurized, pipeline section involving mainline block valves up to two times normal spacing with an intermediate vent stack. Additionally, the effects of elevation changes that promote buoyancy driven flows are accounted for in time as the interface between air and gas travels along the pipeline section during expelling. Two expelling strategies were introduced and assessed. These are simultaneous expelling, in which gas is expelled from the pipeline section from both ends, and sequential expelling, in which an intermediate vent stack is used to expel gas from the upstream and downstream segments. The effects of elevation changes and the location of the intermediate vent stack determine the best strategy for expelling so as to maximize the purge velocity in the section of a pipeline to be purged, while maintaining the mean flow velocity in the pipe above the minimum purge velocity to prevent air-gas stratification. It was found that for a ‘Flat-’ or a ‘Cusp-type’ elevation profile it is advantageous to follow a sequential expelling procedure using one expeller at the intermediate vent stack location. In the case of a ‘Vee-type’ elevation profile, a simultaneous expelling procedure is a better option in terms of expelling time, at the cost of needing to deploy two expellers to different sites quite far apart. Air ingress location depends on the expelling strategy and elevation profile.

Operational performance of a tractor-seeder according to the velocity and working depth

ABSTRACT The sowing process is one of the most important steps in agricultural production chain, requiring a good efficiency in order to avoid seed and plant population losses. In order to achieve a satisfactory performance of the seeder, the agricultural implement needs to be properly adjusted. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify both the operational performance and sowing quality of the agricultural equipment, depending on different working depths and different operating velocities. The experimental design was a factorial, with two theoretical velocities and three working depths. The velocity of 6.8 km h-1 achieved both a good operating consumption and a low fuel consumption per working area and when associated with working depth of 0.05 m provided better operational performance. However, the operating velocity of 4.8 km h-1 made it possible to increase the number of normal spacing of seeds, an improved quality of sowing and the possibility of greater population.