Application of shoot growth rules for understanding responses to pruning.

2022 ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
T. M. DeJong
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Epicormic Shoot ◽  
One Year ◽  
Control Tree ◽  
Size Controlling

Abstract Knowledge of fruit tree shoot types is helpful to explain why pruning is often not successful in reducing tree size. In many horticultural circumstances, epicormic shoot growth can be considered as being almost exclusively stimulated by severe pruning of large branches (older than one year old) or strong water shoots in which sylleptic shoots have previously grown and "used up" the locations in close proximity to the pruning cut where proleptic buds would have been present in a less vigorous shoot. The strong growth response to heavy pruning is natural and is the primary reason why pruning cannot be relied upon exclusively to control tree size when trees are grown in highly fertile soils without size-controlling rootstocks. This chapter deals with understanding responses to pruning of fruit trees by application of shoot growth rules.

scholarly journals USE OF CRYOPROTECTANTS FOR FROST PROTECTION IN PEACHES

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 486c-486
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Reighard ◽  
William C. Newall ◽  
Charles J. Graham
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Deciduous Fruit

Late spring freezes often result in significant flower bud kill in deciduous fruit trees. Some products have been marketed as frost protectant compounds which purportedly protect flower stigmas and ovaries from freezing injury and death. Two of these compounds, Frost Free and Frostgard, were tested at two locations in South Carolina over three years. Varieties `Junegold', `Loring', `Redhaven', and `Jefferson' were treated with Frost Free (FF) in years 1988-1990 and with Frostgard (FG) in 1990. Significant differences in fruit yield and vegetative growth occurred during this period, but no consistent trends were evident. In 1989, FF-treated `Redhaven' and `Jefferson' trees averaged 10.5 and 21.8 kg more fruit/tree than the controls. However, no lethal cold temperatures occurred during the bloom period. In 1990, FG-treated `Redhaven' trees averaged 8.0 kg more fruit/tree than the control trees. The fruit from FF-treated trees were lower in Brix, had less red color, and vegetative shoot growth was slightly greater than that of the FG and check trees. These data suggest that Frost Free may have plant growth regulator properties.

scholarly journals The effect of Regalis® (prohexadione calcium) on the reduction of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) severity in apple trees

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sobiczewski ◽  
T. Bubán
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
One Year ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Due to the lack of effective and non-phytotoxic materials for control of the blossom and shoot blight phase of fire blight in pome fruit trees, two novel control strategies have emerged: shoot growth retardation by bioregulators and applying resistance inducer compounds. Prohexadione calcium (ProCa) is the active ingredient of the bioregulator Regalis® registered in several European countries. The reduction of shoot growth elongation is the most obvious effect of ProCa. Furthermore, it causes significant changes in the spectrum of flavonoids and their phenolic precursors, leading to the considerable reduction of susceptibility to fire blight. In Poland, potted one-year-old apple trees of cvs. Gala Must grafted on M.26 and Sampion on M.9 (in 2001) as well as Gala Must on P.60 (in 2002) were treated with Regalis® at a range of concentration of 250, 150 or 150 + 100 ppm, respectively. The inoculation of shoots was made with the strain No.691 of E. amylovora (107 cfu/ml), on the 7th and 21st'day after treatments with Regalis. In Hungary, during the years of 2002 and 2003 one-year-old container grown apple trees of the cvs. Idared/M.9 and Freedom/M.9 were treated with the prohexadione-Ca, the active ingredient of Regalis® 100, 150 or 200 ppm, two weeks before inoculation with the Ea 1 strain of E. amylovora (107 cfu/m1). In Poland, the suppression of fire blight in shoots reached up to 80%, depending on concentration and application time of Regalis®. In Hungary, the effect of prohexadione-Ca treatments, determined by the length of necrotic lesion developed, proved to be better than that of streptomycin used for comparison.

Result of plum growth development of different plum varieties in Altai region

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-86
Author(s):  
N Saikhantsetseg ◽  
B Ninj
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Home Garden ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
State University ◽  
Altai Region ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Plum Varieties

Due to global warming and Mongolian climate change air temperature has increased by 1, 56 degree in last 60 years. 25 percent of desertification covers once in 2-3 years whereas more than 50 percent of desertification occurs once in 4-5 years in Mongolian territory. Dust storm increased 3-4 times in Gobi and step regions in comparison to 1960s (Desertification UB 2009).Studying perennial trees, bushes and fruit tree cultivation, its adaptability and yield increasement is a stable way to reduce desertification, restore land degradation, increase yield and improve soil fertility. Plum is easily adaptable plant to cultivate in any type of soil and climate of Mongolia.Plum specificities are highly adaptable, yields in short period after planting, tolerant during winter, disease infected condition is comparably low, later uses of plum fruits are diverse and economically valuable.Plum is also planted for medicinal and ornamental use. Increasing interests and demand on making home garden and to plant diverse of fruit trees are primary reason to conduct this study. Experiment was done in Khovd branch of Agricultural State University in fruit experimental station. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.224 Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.11(2) 2013 pp.83-86

scholarly journals Studies of the Vigor and Productivity of Micropropagated Trees

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 793B-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.S. Walsh ◽  
F.J. Allnutt ◽  
G.R Welsh ◽  
R.H. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Tree Size ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Propagation Time ◽  
Ex Vitro ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Subsequent Trial ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Control Tree ◽  
Size Controlling

A planting to compare budded apple trees (M7a, Ml11) and tissue-culture-(TC) propagated trees was established in 1985. `Golden Delicious' and `Gala' trees were more productive than other cultivars and appeared better-suited to micropropagation. High cumulative yields per tree were harvested regardless of rootstock. `McIntosh', `Delicious', `Mutsu', and `MacSpur' trees were less precocious and more responsive to size-controlling rootstocks. To control tree size prior to bearing and minimize propagation time, trees were set as containerized transplants in a subsequent trial begun in 1986. Small containerized trees were set directly into the orchard. Setting trees in this manner has restricted tree size without delaying bearing. `Oregon Spur II' trees and `Empire' trees are now about 4 m tall. Trees have wide branch angles and numerous spurs. To further control tree size, trees were root-pruned with a Vermeer tree spade in 1991. In the year following, treated trees flowered profusely but did not fruit. Since then, cropping has controlled tree size. Ten years ex vitro `Granny Smith', `Oregon Spur II', and `Empire' trees can be managed without ladders. The goals of this study were: 1) to avoid “short life” problems and 2) develop a management scheme that would allow rapid entry of “bioengineered” cultivars into commercial orchards. Based on our research, selecting precocious cultivars or spur-type clones, in combination with transplanting 3 to 4 months ex vitro and root pruning show promise toward accomplishing these goals.

scholarly journals Temperate Fruit Trees under Climate Change: Challenges for Dormancy and Chilling Requirements in Warm Winter Regions

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Abdel-Moety Salama ◽  
Ahmed Ezzat ◽  
Hassan El-Ramady ◽  
Shamel M. Alam-Eldein ◽  
Sameh Okba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Warm Winter ◽  
Winter Chill ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
The Tropics

Adequate chill is of great importance for successful production of deciduous fruit trees. However, temperate fruit trees grown under tropical and subtropical regions may face insufficient winter chill, which has a crucial role in dormancy and productivity. The objective of this review is to discuss the challenges for dormancy and chilling requirements of temperate fruit trees, especially in warm winter regions, under climate change conditions. After defining climate change and dormancy, the effects of climate change on various parameters of temperate fruit trees are described. Then, dormancy breaking chemicals and organic compounds, as well as some aspects of the mechanism of dormancy breaking, are demonstrated. After this, the relationships between dormancy and chilling requirements are delineated and challenging aspects of chilling requirements in climate change conditions and in warm winter environments are demonstrated. Experts have sought to develop models for estimating chilling requirements and dormancy breaking in order to improve the adaption of temperate fruit trees under tropical and subtropical environments. Some of these models and their uses are described in the final section of this review. In conclusion, global warming has led to chill deficit during winter, which may become a limiting factor in the near future for the growth of temperate fruit trees in the tropics and subtropics. With the increasing rate of climate change, improvements in some managing tools (e.g., discovering new, more effective dormancy breaking organic compounds; breeding new, climate-smart cultivars in order to solve problems associated with dormancy and chilling requirements; and improving dormancy and chilling forecasting models) have the potential to solve the challenges of dormancy and chilling requirements for temperate fruit tree production in warm winter fruit tree growing regions.

Herbicide Effects on Weed Control and Shoot Growth of Young Apple (Malus sylvestris) and Peach (Prunus persica) Trees

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 840-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester L. Foy ◽  
Susan B. Harrison ◽  
Harold L. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
One Year ◽  
Broadleaf Species ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Peach Trees

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Virginia to evaluate the following herbicides: alachlor, diphenamid, diuron, metolachlor, napropamide, norflurazon, oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, paraquat, pendimethalin, and simazine. One experiment involved newly-transplanted apple trees; the others, three in apple and one in peach trees, involved one-year-old trees. Treatments were applied in the spring (mid-April to early-May). Control of annual weed species was excellent with several treatments. A broader spectrum of weeds was controlled in several instances when the preemergence herbicides were used in combinations. Perennial species, particularly broadleaf species and johnsongrass, were released when annual species were suppressed by the herbicides. A rye cover crop in nontreated plots suppressed the growth of weeds. New shoot growth of newly-transplanted apple trees was increased with 3 of 20 herbicide treatments and scion circumference was increased with 11 of 20 herbicide treatments compared to the nontreated control. Growth of one-year-old apple trees was not affected. Scion circumference of one-year-old peach trees was increased with 25 of 33 herbicide treatments.

scholarly journals Fruit Tree-Based Agroforestry Systems for Smallholder Farmers in Northwest Vietnam—A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Van Hung Do ◽  
Nguyen La ◽  
Rachmat Mulia ◽  
Göran Bergkvist ◽  
A. Sigrun Dahlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
High Investment

Rapid expansion of unsustainable farming practices in upland areas of Southeast Asia threatens food security and the environment. This study assessed alternative agroforestry systems for sustainable land management and livelihood improvement in northwest Vietnam. The performance of fruit tree-based agroforestry was compared with that of sole cropping, and farmers’ perspectives on agroforestry were documented. After seven years, longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.)-maize-forage grass and son tra (Docynia indica (Wall.) Decne)-forage grass systems had generated 2.4- and 3.5-fold higher average annual income than sole maize and sole son tra, respectively. Sole longan gave no net profit, due to high investment costs. After some years, competition developed between the crop, grass, and tree components, e.g., for nitrogen, and the farmers interviewed reported a need to adapt management practices to optimise spacing and pruning. They also reported that agroforestry enhanced ecosystem services by controlling surface runoff and erosion, increasing soil fertility and improving resilience to extreme weather. Thus, agroforestry practices with fruit trees can be more profitable than sole-crop cultivation within a few years. Integration of seasonal and fast-growing perennial plants (e.g., grass) is essential to ensure quick returns. Wider adoption needs initial incentives or loans, knowledge exchange, and market links.

scholarly journals GROWTH OF DIFFERENT FRUIT TREE SPECIES IN SILVOPASTORAL SYSTEMS DURING THE ESTABLISHMENT PHASE

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1040-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAROLINA DELLA GIUSTINA ◽  
ROBERTA APARECIDA CARNEVALLI ◽  
MARCELO RIBEIRO ROMANO ◽  
DIEGO BARBOSA ALVES ANTONIO ◽  
CAMILA ECKSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Silvopastoral Systems ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Plant Accumulation ◽  
Establishment Phase

ABSTRACT The benefits of integrating agricultural components into silvopastoral systems are widely known, but the limited knowledge about ecological processes in the establishment phase impedes the use of this technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate interactions between fruit tree species and the sward layer under canopies of trees in the establishment phase of silvopastoral systems in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The experiment was implemented in October 2013, with an evaluation period from January to July 2015. The systems were composed of eight fruit trees intercropped with Tifton 85 grass. A completely randomized block design was adopted, with two replications per area per treatment. We evaluated the agronomic performance of the fruit trees, the categories of the light environment, and the plant accumulation under the canopies. The acerola fruit trees of the variety Roxinha had higher Leaf area index (LAI) and Light interception (LI) values, showing a denser canopy with small porosity and the lowest light quality available to the plants beneath the canopy (lower red/far-red ratio), thereby decreasing plant accumulation under trees. The guava fruit trees showed higher growth rates than the other fruit trees, but lower LAI and LI values and a higher red/far-red ratio, allowing higher plant growth under the canopy. Cajá trees showed a similar behavior; however, this species is deciduous, which limits its potential use in integrated systems. Banana and coconut trees were highly dependent on irrigation during the dry season. The remaining species showed an adequate growth and potential to control plant species growth under their canopies.

scholarly journals The effect of spring frosts on the nectar production and the bee visitation of fruit trees

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Benedek ◽  
J. Nyéki ◽  
I. Amtmann ◽  
F. Bakcsa ◽  
J. Iváncsics ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Spring Frosts

Fruit tree species suffered very strong spring frosts in 1997 in Hungary. This caused partial or total damages at buds and flowers depending on site and time of blooming. It was demonstrated at a number of experiments that frost and cold weather also strongly affected the nectar production of surviving flowers. No or very little amount of nectar was measured in flowers first of all of early blooming fruit tree species (apricot) but also of pear and apple in some places. In spite of this fact intensive honeybee visitation was detected in the flowers of fruit trees that suffered partial frost damage only at those sites where honeybee colonies were placed in or at the experimental plantations and the lack of sufficient amount of nectar did not affected bee behaviour seriously on fruit flowers. This means that bad nectar production failed to affect bee visitation of fruit trees definitely. The reason for this was the fact that not only fruit trees but another early bee plants (wild plants, too) suffered frost damage. Accordingly, in lack of forage bees intensively searched for food at blooming fruit trees with some living flowers. Consequently, there was an acceptable yield at those plantations where bud and flower damage was not complete. Accordingly, intensive bee visitation (that is moving additional bee colonies to overpopulate fruit orchards with honeybees) can be an effective tool to decrease or eliminate the detrimental effect of spring frost on the yield of fruit trees where bud or fruit damage is not too high.  

EFFECTIVE HYDROGEN CYANAMIDE (DORMEX®) APPLICATION FOR BUD BREAK, FLOWERING AND NUT YIELD OF PISTACHIO TREES CV. MATEUR IN WARM GROWING AREAS

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOHAMED GHRAB ◽  
MEHDI BEN MIMOUN
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Northern Tunisia ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Effective Hydrogen ◽  
Pistachio Trees

SUMMARYClimate change characterized by global warming is expected to have an incidence on fruit trees’ development and production. The severity of these effects depends on lack of chilling. The current study focused on the research of an optimal dose of hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex®) treatment which can advance the bud break of female pistachio trees (Pistacia veraL.) to ensure better blooming synchronization with pollinators. A field experiment was conducted in northern Tunisia (36°49′N, 9°48′E) on mature pistachio trees. Two hydrogen cyanamide treatments at 2% and 4% Dormex® were applied with reference to the control untreated trees. The flowering time, vegetative growth, starch content, productivity and nut characters were followed. Results show that 4% Dormex® advanced the normal bud break by 15 days and flowering by 11 days and improved natural pollination by synchronization of male and female flowers. Consequently, fresh yield and nut quality as split and blank rates and nut weight were improved. However, shoot growth, leaf area and starch content in current shoot seemed unaffected by hydrogen cyanamide applications. In conclusion, hydrogen cyanamide could be used as 4% Dormex® and sprayed 45 days before bud break to improve pistachio productivity and prevent anomalies of lack of chilling due to global warming that could be more frequent in the Mediterranean areas.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document