APLIKASI SYIRKAH BERBASIS BAGI HASIL TANGKAPAN IKAN NELAYAN: PERSPEKTIF SOSIAL EKONOMI

Fenomena kemiskinan yang dialami oleh sebagian nelayan pesisir pantai Lhokseumawe disebabkan faktor ekonomi dan sosial, sehingga para nelayan tidak mampu mendapatkan pendapatan yang layak dan akses pendidikan yang memadai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui praktik bagi hasil tangkapan ikan nelayan, aplikasi syirkah pada praktik bagi hasil tersebut di kalangan nelayan Kota Lhokseumawe serta melihat berbagai fenomena kemiskinan pada nelayan di Kecamatan Banda Sakti, kota Lhokseumawe Aceh. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan melakukan penelitian lapangan. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa praktik bagi hasil tangkapan ikan yang ada dikalangan nelayan Kecamatan Banda Sakti melibatkan dua pihak sebagai pemberi modal yaitu toke boat dan toke bangku dan selanjutnya di kelola oleh pihak rakan meupakat beserta pawang (nahkoda laut). Aplikasi syirkah terletak pada kerjasama dan kesepakatan dari percampuran modal kedua pihak toke boat dan toke bangku yang kemudian dikelola bersama dengan pihak pengelola. [The phenomena related to the poverty experienced by most fishermen in the coastal areas of Lhokseumawe were caused by the economic and sosial factors. Thus, the fisherman were then unable to obtain reasonable income and adequate education. This research aims at revealing the profit sharing and syirkah (cooperation) practices related to the fish caught by the local fishermen in Lhokseumawe as well as the phenomena of poverty experienced by the fishermen in Banda Sakti sub-district of Lhokseumawe. This research used a descriptive-qualitative method with various research fields. The results of this research showed that the profit sharing practices related to the fish caught by the local fishermen in Lhokseumawe involved both parties consisting of capital providers called toke boet (boat owner) and toke bangku (capital owner) which were then managed by the rakan meupakat and pawang. The syirkah was practiced due to the cooperation and agreement related to the boat and capital made by toke boet and toke bangku which were mutually managed by the managers until the processes of fish caught by the local fishermen were well completed.]

Analysis of the business pattern and tuna fishing season in the Southeast Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province

Title (Bahasa Indonesia): Analisis pola usaha dan musim penangkapan ikan tuna di Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara, Provinsi Sulawesi UtaraThis study was aimed to analyze the condition of the tuna fishery business pattern practiced by tuna fishermen and analyze the effort and the exploitation rate for fishing season determination. Data collection was done in Belang District, Southeast Minahasa Regency, for 5 months. The study was descriptive using primary and secondary data. Business pattern was determned using the interactive models of analysis and fishing season applied Average Percentage Methods based on Time Series Analysis. Results showed that fishermen in Southeast Minahasa Regency used the fishing boat owner to bear the operational cost under low selling. Tuna fishing season in Maluccas Sea, based on catches landed in the fishing port of Belang, occurred October to January and May to March because of good weather condition and high fish stock availability in the raft, while famine season occurred in in June to September because of bad weather, difficulty to operate the gear and low tuna stock. As a conclusion, in the famine season the fishermen in Southeast Minahasa Regency applied operational costs borne by the boat owner, but in the fishing season, it became a shared cost through revenue sharing. Tuna fishing season occurred in October to January.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi perikanan tuna guna mengetahui pola usaha yang dijalankan oleh nelayan tuna dan menganalisis upaya penangkapan serta tingkat pemanfaatan guna mengetahui musim penangkapan ikan tuna. Pengambilan data dilakukan di Kecamatan Belang, Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara, selama 5 (lima) bulan, Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif, dengan penggunaan data primer dan sekunder. Selanjutnya data tersebut di analisis untuk mengetahui pola usaha nelayan tuna dengan menggunakan motode interactive model of analysis, sedangkanpola musim penangkapan ikan dianalisis menggunakan Metode Persentase Rata-rata yang didasarkan pada Analisis Runtun Waktu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nelayan Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara menggunakan pola usaha dengan sistem pembiayaan ditanggung oleh pemilik dengan harga jual ikan rendah kepada pemilik perahu. Musim penangkapan ikan tuna di laut Maluku berdasarkan hasil tangkapan yang didaratkan di pelabuhan perikanan belang terjadi pada bulan Oktober sampai Januari dan Mei sampai Maret ini karena cuaca lebih baik dan ketersediaan ikan banyak di rakit, sedangkan musim pecaklik terjadi pada bulan Juni hingga September karena cuaca yang buruk, kesulitan untuk mengoperasikan alat tangkap, serta kurangnya ikan tuna di rakit. Sebagai kesimpulan, nelayan Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara menggunakan pola usaha dengan sistem biaya operasional menjadi beban pemilik disaat musim peceklik, sedangkan pada musim ikan pola pembagian hasil dijalankan dengan biaya operasional menjadi beban bersama. Musim penangkapan ikan tuna terjadi pada bulan Oktober sampai Januari.

KEDUDUKAN HUKUM POSITIF INDONESIA TERHADAP KEBIASAAN MASYARAKAT NELAYAN DALAM KEBIJAKAN BAGI HASIL PERIKANAN DI KECAMATAN MUNCAR KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI

<p><em>The Act No. 16 year 1964 on Fisheries harvest-sharing regulated the policy of harvest-sharing on fisheries products in order to improve the welfare of the fishermen. However, the regulation seems to not running well, especially in Muncar District Banyuwangi Regency, where the fishermen were not familiar with the regulation and had their own customs on fisheries harvest-sharing which come across generations. This writing was applying the empirical legal study. The instruments were structured field interview towards fishermen, boat owner, and local government officials, which supported by literature review. Analysis was carried out by interactive model. This study found that the national regulation was unrecognized among the local fishermen and the harvest-sharing policy was based on their local customs. The harvest- sharing policy mostly was determined by the boat owner without former agreement. Therefore, the local government should supervise the application of the national regulation on harvest-sharing policy in order to improve the welfare status of the local fishermen. In addition, the ultimate social justice for the community will then be achieved.</em><em></em></p>

POLA HUBUNGAN PATRON- KLIEN PADA KOMUNITAS NELAYAN DI KELURAHAN MALABRO KECAMATAN TELUK SEGARA KOTA BENGKULU

This research aimed to describe the characteristic of fishing activities in Malabro Municipal, Teluk Segara District, Bengkulu city and to describe the pattern of patron- client relationship between wholesaler, vessel owner and fishermen. This researh conducted using qualitative method. Data collected using obsevation, interview, and documantes information related to this research. Thi result shows that fishermen are using three fishing tools, such as gillnets, payang and trammel nets. These fishing tools will be influence many things like type of vessel, amount of fishermen, and production sharing system. In patron-client relations between wholesaler and boat owner. Wholesaler has a role as patron and the boat owner has a role as client. Patron-client relation is mutual benefit. While, relation between wholesaler or vessel owner and fishermen hasn’t shown patron- client relationship but only shown relation of fishing activities. Keywords: Fishing gears, Patron-Client

FISHERMAN WORK DIVERSIFICATION IN SUNGAI RAYA AND KECAMATAN DISTRICT SUNGAI RAYA KEPULAUAN KABUPATEN BENGKAYANG DISTRICT

The second-rate welfare of coastal society complicated for them to fill their needs. In order to improve their welfare, frequently fishermen to diversify jobs. The aim is to determine the diversification of fishermen work in an effort to improve their welfare in subdistrict Sungai Raya and Sungai Raya Kepulauan Bengkayang. Research conducted by 2014 it is qualitative descriptive. The results showed that the sector which has been the economic foundation of society in the coastal districts located in three sectors, namely agriculture, industry and trade. While intensifying the range of her work focused on the agricultural sector sub sector of fisheries. Meanwhile, job diversification of fishermen in the research sites are: first, diversification of work fishermen skipper or boat owner is managing mine services, facilities or home stay accommodation services and cultivate crops of nutmeg and clove. Second, diversification of the individual fishermen do business drying fish with methods of curing or smoked, rent a motor boat to tourists, cultivate seaweed, making belacan, and opened a rental home stay for tourists. And third, a diversified family of fishermen that workers be porters of goods, charter-boat captain skipper-owned fishing boats or individuals, freelance workers in oil palm plantations, and into wage laborers to pick shrimp catches of fishermen.

JARINGAN SOSIAL PEMASARAN PADA KOMUNITAS NELAYAN TRADISIONAL BANTEN

Nelayan tradisional memiliki karakteristik ketergantungan terhadap kondisi alam dan hasil tangkapan yang diperoleh. Selain itu ketergantungan terjadi pula pada aspek permodalan dan jaringan sosial pemasaran. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi karakteristik nelayan tradisional, proses dan jaringan sosial pemasaran antar kelompok dan jaringan sosial pemasaran melalui Tempat Pelelangan Ikan (TPI). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Informan penelitian adalah pemilik modal, pemilik perahu, nelayan, petugas TPI. Hasil penelitiannya adalah bahwa karakteristik komunitas nelayan tradisional di Lontar melakukan kegiatan penangkapan ikan berdasarkan pada jenis alat tangkap yang dimiliki terdiri dari rejung, jaring insang, ikan karang, rakek (kerang) kapasitas mesin perahu adalah 15-17pk. Jangkauan jarak melaut hanya berkisar 3-4 mill, jarak tempuh sekitar 1-2 jam untuk menjangkau lokasi penangkapan. Bagi nelayan yang memperoleh permodalan untuk melaut melalui langgan, maka pemasaran dikuasai oleh langgan, serta penentuan harga dan pemasaran semuanya dikendalikan oleh langgan. Sedangkan nelayan yang tidak memiliki ikatan pada langgan, maka jaringan sosial pemasaran hasil tangkapan dilakukan secara langsung melalui TPI Lontar. Transaksi di pelelangan, dilakukan mekanisme pengelompokan jenis dan ukuran ikan, dan kemudian diadakan penawaran harga secara terbuka dan disesuaikan dengan harga di pasaran.Traditional fisherman rely on seasonal condition when they do fishing, their fishing product, their capital, and social network marketing.The study aimed to investigate the characteristic of traditional fisherman. Their social system and their marketing strategies. It was a qualitative study using partisipative observation, in-depth interview, and documentation technique. The subjects of the study were capital owner, boat owner, fisherman, and officer of fish auction. The study showed that traditional fisherman community in Lontar did its fishing based on fishing equipment which consisted of rejung, net, reef fish, and clam.The boats capacity were about 15-17 pk, with 3-4 miles distance and 1-2 hours journey to fishing location. Traditional fishermen were highly depent on capital owner (langgan) whom they got the capital from and they gave the fishing products to. Moreover, langgan decided the price and fish marketting. Some of traditional fishermen could directly sold their fishing products themselves because they had their own capital. The fisherman community sold their fishing products in fish auction, which price was determinied by the kinds and sizes of the fishes.

A Microcomputer Beats to Windward

One of the new single chip microcomputers and a new single chip A-D converter have been used to help a small boat owner trim the sails and steer to improve the velocity made good to windward. The system also could have been programmed for reaching and running sailing conditions. The readily reprogrammable memory will make it easy to add further modifications and sophistication. Although use of the instrument does not assure a first place, it should help a knowledgeable skipper get his boat into the groove. With its low power and small size it could be used on any boat that could support battery operated instrumentation.