Research on to Measure Patent-intensive Industry Technology Lock-in from the Perspective of TML

As the core industry of technological innovation abilities, patent-intensive industries, cultivating their rapid development is conducive to breaking the "technological lock-in" and realizing my country's independent innovation in the core technology field. Based on the INNOJOY patent database, the wireless communication network patent was selected as the research object, and the subjective and objective weighting method and the growth rate cycle index synthesis method were used to measure the technical lock-in from the perspective of TML. The study found: (1) The technology lock-in index of the United States, Japan, and South Korea generally shows an upward trend, while the technology lock-in index of China has a trend of declining volatility, and the United States has the highest degree of lock-in in wireless communication network technology, ranking first. Japan is in the second position, South Korea is in the third position, and China is in the fourth position; (2) The six core technologies identified belong to American companies. The public years are concentrated in 2017 and 2019, and the technical field is concentrated in H04W72/04 ( The same data transmission method and user equipment), H04W72/08 (signaling for nearness service and D2D discovery in LTE networks), and H04L1/00 (method to support channel division information for uplink and downlink channels) And) these three core patents show the three core technologies are technologies in wireless communication networks.

Research on the Measurement of Patent-intensive Industry Technology Lock-in from the Perspective of TML

As the core industry of technological innovation capabilities, patent-intensive industries, cultivating their rapid development is conducive to breaking the "technological lock-in" and realizing my country's independent innovation in the core technology field. Based on the INNOJOY patent database, the wireless communication network patent was selected as the research object, and the subjective and objective weighting method and the growth rate cycle index synthesis method were used to measure the technical lock-in from the perspective of TML. The study found： (1) The technology lock-in index of the United States, Japan, and South Korea generally shows an upward trend, while the technology lock-in index of China has a trend of declining volatility, and the United States has the highest degree of lock-in in the field of wireless communication network technology, ranking first. Japan is in the second position, South Korea is in the third position, and China is in the fourth position; (2) The six core technologies identified belong to American companies. The public years are concentrated in 2017 and 2019, and the technical field is concentrated in H04W72/04 ( The same data transmission method and user equipment), H04W72/08 (signaling for proximity service and D2D discovery in LTE networks), and H04L1/00 (method to support channel allocation information for uplink and downlink channels) And device) these three core patents show that the current three core technologies are cutting-edge technologies in the field of wireless communication networks. The formation mechanism of technology lock-in was clarified, and measurement research was carried out to provide a theoretical basis and analysis method for cracking my country's "technology lock-in", and then to achieve the goal of "patent power."

Research of the Measurement of Patent-intensive Industry Technology Lock-in from the Perspective of TML

As the core industry of technological innovation capabilities, patent-intensive industries, cultivating their rapid development is conducive to breaking the "technological lock-in" and realizing my country's independent innovation in the core technology field. Based on the INNOJOY patent database, the wireless communication network patent was selected as the research object, and the subjective and objective weighting method and the growth rate cycle index synthesis method were used to measure the technical lock-in from the perspective of TML. The study found: (1) The technology lock-in index of the United States, Japan, and South Korea generally shows an upward trend, while the technology lock-in index of China has a trend of declining volatility, and the United States has the highest degree of lock-in in the field of wireless communication network technology, ranking first. Japan is in the second position, South Korea is in the third position, and China is in the fourth position; (2) The six core technologies identified belong to American companies. The public years are concentrated in 2017 and 2019, and the technical field is concentrated in H04W72/04 ( The same data transmission method and user equipment), H04W72/08 (signaling for proximity service and D2D discovery in LTE networks), and H04L1/00 (method to support channel allocation information for uplink and downlink channels) And these three core patents show that the current three core technologies are cutting-edge technologies in the field of wireless communication networks.

Research on the Measurement of Patent-intensive Industry Technology Lock-in from the Perspective of TML

[Purpose/Significance] As the core industry of technological innovation capabilities, patent-intensive industries, cultivating their rapid development is conducive to breaking the "technological lock-in" and realizing my country's independent innovation in the core technology field. [Method/Process] Based on the INNOJOY patent database, the wireless communication network patent was selected as the research object, and the subjective and objective weighting method and the growth rate cycle index synthesis method were used to measure the technical lock-in from the perspective of TML.[Results/Conclusions] (1) The technology lock-in index of the United States, Japan, and South Korea generally shows an upward trend, while the technology lock-in index of China has a trend of declining volatility, and the United States has the highest degree of lock-in in the field of wireless communication network technology, ranking first. Japan is in the second position, South Korea is in the third position, and China is in the fourth position; (2) The six core technologies identified belong to American companies. The public years are concentrated in 2017 and 2019, and the technical field is concentrated in H04W72/04 ( The same data transmission method and user equipment), H04W72/08 (signaling for proximity service and D2D discovery in LTE networks), and H04L1/00 (method to support channel allocation information for uplink and downlink channels) And device) these three core patents show that the current three core technologies are cutting-edge technologies in the field of wireless communication networks. The formation mechanism of technology lock-in was clarified, and measurement research was carried out to provide a theoretical basis and analysis method for cracking my country's "technology lock-in", and then to achieve the goal of "patent power."

Analysis of the EU Secondary Biomass Availability and Conversion Processes to Produce Advanced Biofuels: Use of Existing Databases for Assessing a Metric Evaluation for the 2025 Perspective

Nowadays in Europe, the production of advanced biofuels represents a very important objective, given the strong interest in increasing sustainability throughout the transport sector. Production and availability of advanced biofuels are cited as a relevant issue in the most important international actions, such as the Sustainable Development Goals in UN Agenda 2030, EU RED II, and EU Mission Innovation 4, to cite a few of them. However, an important aspect to be considered is the prediction of feedstocks availability to produce advanced biofuel. The first aim of this paper is to assess the availability of European agricultural residues, forestry residues, and biogenic wastes in 2025. The data were collected through a deep review on open FAOSTAT and EUROSTAT databases and then elaborated by the authors. The analysis focuses on the fraction of feedstocks that can be used for advanced biofuels production, i.e., incorporating specific information on sustainable management practices, competitive uses, and environmental risks to preserve soil quality. An autoregressive model is developed to predict future availability, while also considering corrections due to the current pandemic. The results suggest that several European countries could produce enough sustainable advanced feedstocks to meet the European binding target. In particular, France, Germany, and Romania will have high production of agricultural feedstocks; while Austria, Finland, and Sweden will be rich of forestry residues; finally, Italy, France, and United Kingdom will have the highest availability of wastes. To complete the picture, a proper metric is introduced, aiming at generating a technology ranking of the examined alternative fuels, in terms of several relevant parameters such as biomass availability, Technology Readiness Level (TRL), quality of the biofuel, and costs. This analysis allows us to compare advanced biofuels and first-generation biofuels, whose utilization can impact the food market, while also contributing to the increase in the indirect land use change (ILUC). Although the first-generation biofuels remain the most common choice, the renewable (or green) diesel, pyrolysis bio-oil, green jet fuel, and the second-generation bioethanol are promising for different applications in the transport sector. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils (HVO), Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), Anaerobic Digestion (AD), and transesterification from vegetable oil represent the most widespread and mature technologies. Thus, it seems mandatory that the transport sector will rely more and more on such fuels in the future. For such reason, a specific support for advanced biomass collection, as well as specific programs for conversion technologies development, are strongly suggested.

An Investigation of the Potential Adoption of Anaerobic Digestion for Energy Production in Irish Farms

Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been recognised as an effective means of simultaneously producing energy while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Despite having a large agriculture sector, Ireland has experienced little uptake of the technology, ranking 20th within the EU-28. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the general opinions, willingness to adopt, and perceived obstacles of potential adopters of the technology. As likely primary users of this technology, a survey of Irish cattle farmers was conducted to assess the potential of on-farm AD for energy production in Ireland. The study seeks to understand farmers’ motivations, perceived barriers, and preferred business model. The study found that approximately 41% of the 91 respondents were interested in installing AD on their farming enterprise within the next five years. These Likely Adopters tended to have a higher level of education attainment, and together, currently hold 4379 cattle, potentially providing 37,122 t year−1 of wastes as feedstock, resulting in a potential CO2 reduction of 800.65 t CO2-eq. year−1. Moreover, the results indicated that the primary consideration preventing the implementation of AD is a lack of information regarding the technology and high investment costs. Of the Likely Adopters and Possible Adopters, a self-owned and operated plant was the preferred ownership structure, while 58% expressed an interest in joining a co-operative scheme. The findings generated provide valuable insights into the willingness of farmers to implement AD and guidance for its potential widespread adoption.

Potential of Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems Applicable to India

Appropriate sanitation facilities are still a challenge in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries. With regard to almost 950 million people defecating in the open, the question arises whether the existing treatment facilities are sufficient to provide for a healthy sanitation in the world. This paper mainly emphasizes on developing countries (particularly, India) where cost is generally a very important parameter of judgment for choosing the appropriate system. This makes decentralized treatment systems much more suitable for installation as they are easier to build and operate, both financially and technically. This paper includes basic differences and fundamental explanations about the processes involved in different decentralized treatment systems and their comparison on the basis of installation cost carried out by using a technology ranking method. It is concluded that waste stabilisation ponds would be most cost effective solution from capital investment point of view. However, Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) should be carried out for appropriate technology selection in different scenarios on the basis of different criteria. New developments in sanitation technologies can play an important role in selecting appropriate sanitation technology for a particular scenario.

Evaluation of the Shortcomings of Current Engine Technology Stack-Up Methods and Suggestions for Improvement

There are currently numerous government and industry entities engaging in aviation technology development programs [1,2,3]. Due to the number of technologies being investigated there exists an understandable desire to rank technologies in order to identify the most beneficial ones. Historically, this has been done through the use of “waterfall” or technology stack-up charts [4].One purpose of such waterfall charts is to show the amount of benefit each technology provides to the integrated system. This approach is valid, and extremely useful, for verifying the modeling of such technologies; however, there are shortcomings in using a waterfall chart to assess the relative contribution of individual technologies to the overall system level benefit. This is due to several considerations that are not taken into account when developing conventional technology ranking charts. For example, the relative impact of each technology can be highly dependent on the order in which technologies are applied, the system the technology is applied to, the relative design changes that occur either before or after the technology is applied, and other technologies that are present on the system. In order to explore these characteristics this paper uses propulsion technologies since there are strong interactions between the various components of an engine. Engine technologies also commonly rely upon enabling technologies which provide less benefit, but without them the larger “bigger hitting” technologies are not feasible. This research explores and quantifies the issues associated with several conventional methods of creating technology ranking charts. Propulsion technologies targeting both thermal and propulsive efficiency are applied to a baseline aircraft and engine configuration. Several conventional technology ranking and stack-up techniques are applied in order to evaluate how the relative impacts of individual technologies vary greatly depending on the assessment method. In all cases the same technology packages are applied such that the final benefit is the same, regardless of ranking method. It is suggested that a range of currently used ranking techniques all used to determine a more robust estimate of the impact.