Implicit motives as the missing link between visionary leadership, approach and avoidance motivation, and vision pursuit

An unresolved question in visionary leadership research is, why must visions be high in imagery to cause affective reactions and be motivationally effective? Research in motivation psychology has shown that pictorial cues arouse implicit motives. Thus, pictorial cues from vision-induced imagery should arouse a follower’s implicit motives just like a real image. Hence, our fundamental proposition is that follower implicit motives and follower approach motivation serially mediate the relationship between leader vision and followers’ vision pursuit. We also examine the case of negative leader visions, with the central propositions that a negative leader vision arouses a follower’s implicit fear motives and that the follower’s implicit fear motives and follower avoidance motivation serially mediate the relationship between negative leader vision and the follower’s fear-related behaviors. Lastly, we assert that multiple implicit follower motives aroused by a multithematic leader vision exert additive as well as interaction effects on the follower’s vision pursuit.

Digital Advertising Features on Customer Purchase Intention

Advertisement denotes a standard strategy of attracting public interest and facilitating purchase decisions. This research aims to determine the digital advertisement feature effects on consumer purchase intent in Malaysia. A cross-sectional design was employed to gather quantitative data from 361 Malaysian respondents with a digital survey. Additionally, SPSS was utilised to assess the digital advertising-purchase intention relationship. Resultantly, pictorial cues, repetition, and sensory stores significantly influenced Malaysian consumers’ purchase intention. Following the motivation theory, this research identified a relationship between digital advertising feature effects and purchase intention power that proved inadequate in past studies. The study outcome proved vital in rearranging advertising methods to be more appealing and informative for customers to receive clear and precise knowledge.

Seeing Depth with One Eye and Pictorial Space

In my second post I questioned whether the integration of pictorial cues and binocular disparity occurs at the level of perception. In this third post, I push the argument further by questioning whether pictorial cues contribute to 3D vision at all.

On Stereoscopic Art

Pictorial art is typically viewed with two eyes, but it is not binocular in the sense that it requires two eyes to appreciate the art. Two-dimensional representational art works allude to depth that they do not contain, and a variety of stratagems is enlisted to convey the impression that surfaces on the picture plane are at different distances from the viewer. With the invention of the stereoscope by Wheatstone in the 1830s, it was possible to produce two pictures with defined horizontal disparities between them to create a novel impression of depth. Stereoscopy and photography were made public at about the same time and their marriage was soon cemented; most stereoscopic art is now photographic. Wheatstone sought to examine stereoscopic depth without monocular pictorial cues. He was unable to do this, but it was achieved a century later by Julesz with random-dot stereograms The early history of non-photographic stereoscopic art is described as well as reference to some contemporary works. Novel stereograms employing a wider variety of carrier patterns than random dots are presented as anaglyphs; they show modulations of pictorial surface depths as well as inclusions within a binocular picture.

Contributions of pictorial and binocular cues to the perception of distance in virtual reality

We assessed the contribution of binocular disparity and the pictorial cues of linear perspective, texture, and scene clutter to the perception of distance in consumer virtual reality. As additional cues are made available, distance perception is predicted to improve, as measured by a reduction in systematic bias, and an increase in precision. We assessed (1) whether space is nonlinearly distorted; (2) the degree of size constancy across changes in distance; and (3) the weighting of pictorial versus binocular cues in VR. In the first task, participants positioned two spheres so as to divide the egocentric distance to a reference stimulus (presented between 3 and 11 m) into three equal thirds. In the second and third tasks, participants set the size of a sphere, presented at the same distances and at eye-height, to match that of a hand-held football. Each task was performed in four environments varying in the available cues. We measured accuracy by identifying systematic biases in responses and precision as the standard deviation of these responses. While there was no evidence of nonlinear compression of space, participants did tend to underestimate distance linearly, but this bias was reduced with the addition of each cue. The addition of binocular cues, when rich pictorial cues were already available, reduced both the bias and variability of estimates. These results show that linear perspective and binocular cues, in particular, improve the accuracy and precision of distance estimates in virtual reality across a range of distances typical of many indoor environments.

Perceived depth modulates perceptual resolution

Humans constantly use depth information to support perceptual decisions about object size and location in space, as well as planning and executing actions. It was recently reported that perceived depth modulates perceptual performance even when depth information is not relevant to the task, with faster shape discrimination for objects perceived as being close to the observer. However, it is yet to be determined if the observed “close advantage” reflects differences in psychophysical sensitivity or response bias. Moreover, it is unclear whether this advantage is generalizable to other viewing situations and tasks. To address these outstanding issues, we evaluated whether visual resolution is modulated by perceived depth defined by 2D pictorial cues. In a series of experiments, we used the method of constant stimuli to measure the precision of perceptual judgements for stimuli positioned at different perceived distances. In Experiment 1, we found that size discrimination was more precise when the object was perceived to be closer to the observers. Experiments 2a and 2b extended this finding to a visual property orthogonal to depth information, by showing superior orientation discrimination for “close” objects. Finally, Experiment 3 demonstrated that the close advantage also occurs when performing high-level perceptual tasks such as face perception. Taken together, our results provide novel evidence that the perceived depth of an object, as defined by pictorial cues, modulates the precision of visual processing for close objects.

V1 as an Egocentric Cognitive Map

We typically distinguish between V1 as an egocentric perceptual map and the hippocampus as an allocentric cognitive map. In this article we explain why V1 also functions as an egocentric cognitive map. To the extent that cognitive processing has been discussed in V1, it has focused on (a) the allocation of attention, (b) top-down influences on perception, and (c) the transition from egocentric perception to allocentric navigation. By contrast, in this article we argue that three well-documented functions of V1, namely (a) the estimation of distance from eye position, (b) the estimation of size from eye position and/or pictorial cues, and (c) the multisensory integration of vision with proprioception and hearing, are potentially better understood as post-perceptual cognitive inferences. We use this insight to explore V1 as the neural correlates of the visual perception / cognition distinction, and propose a low-level account of visual consciousness in contrast to mid-level accounts (recurrent processing theory; integrated information theory), and higher-level accounts (higher-order thought; global workspace theory). We conclude by outlining the implications of our account for the perception of depth, motion, and colour / illumination.

LIBR Methamphetamine and Opioid Cue Database (LIBR MOCD): Development and Validation

IntroductionDrug cue reactivity (DCR) is widely used in experimental settings for both assessment and intervention. There is no validated database of pictorial cues available for methamphetamine and opioids.Methods360 images in three-groups (methamphetamine, opioid and neutral (control)) matched for their content (objects, hands, faces and actions) were selected in an initial development phase. 28 participants with a history of both methamphetamine and opioid use (37.1 ± 8.11 years old, 12 female) with over six months of abstinence were asked to rate images for craving, valence, arousal, typicality and relatedness.ResultsAll drug images were differentiated from neutral images. Drug related images received higher arousal and lower valence ratings compared to neutral images (craving (0-100) for neutral (11.5±21.9), opioid (87.7±18.5), and methamphetamine (88±18), arousal (1-9) for neutral (2.4±1.9), opioid (4.6±2.7), and methamphetamine (4.6±2.6), and valence (1-9) for neutral (4.8±1.3), opioid (4.4±1.9), and methamphetamine (4.4±1.8)). There is no difference between methamphetamine and opioid images in craving, arousal and valence. There is a significant positive relationship between the amount of time that participants spent on drug-related images and the craving they reported for the image. Every 10 points of craving were associated with an increased response time of 383millisecond. Three image sets were automatically selected for equivalent fMRI tasks (methamphetamine and opioids) from the database (tasks are available at github).ConclusionLIBR MOCD provides a resource of validated images/tasks for future DCR studies. Additionally, researchers can select several sets of unique but equivalent images based-on their psychological/physical characteristics for multiple assessments/interventions.