Implicit motives as the missing link between visionary leadership, approach and avoidance motivation, and vision pursuit

An unresolved question in visionary leadership research is, why must visions be high in imagery to cause affective reactions and be motivationally effective? Research in motivation psychology has shown that pictorial cues arouse implicit motives. Thus, pictorial cues from vision-induced imagery should arouse a follower’s implicit motives just like a real image. Hence, our fundamental proposition is that follower implicit motives and follower approach motivation serially mediate the relationship between leader vision and followers’ vision pursuit. We also examine the case of negative leader visions, with the central propositions that a negative leader vision arouses a follower’s implicit fear motives and that the follower’s implicit fear motives and follower avoidance motivation serially mediate the relationship between negative leader vision and the follower’s fear-related behaviors. Lastly, we assert that multiple implicit follower motives aroused by a multithematic leader vision exert additive as well as interaction effects on the follower’s vision pursuit.

Proofs Of Incorporeality of God In Islam And Judaism: Analysis On The Discourse Of Al-Ghazālī And Maimonides

This study aims to examine the concept of incorporeality of God according to al-Ghazālī and Maimonides. Due to the existence of ‘human-like’ attributes and actions in the Hebrew Bible, it entails to various interpretations towards anthropomorphic verses within Muslim and Jewish society. During the golden age of Islamic civilization, fellow Jews and Christian were seen to be engaged in theological discourse with Muslim scholars. The emerging trend during that time in inculcating rational interpretations into religion has triggered scholars to be engaged in the inter-theological dialogue. Prior to this critical situation, al-Ghazālī and Maimonides were seen playing vital roles in affirming the incorporeality of God and refuting anthropomorphism in their respective religions. Therefore, this study will highlight their methods in affirming the incorporeality of God. In sum, it can be observed that al-Ghazālī employed kalām’s method of arguments on jawhar fard while Maimonides’ methods reciprocate Aristotle’s argument on the theory of motion. Through their propositions, both scholars denounced God to be associated to any form of substance, accident and body. Both argued that God is an incorporeal being that does not possess any forms or figures. However, Maimonides arguing through the theory of motion led to the concept of God as the First Mover. Meanwhile al-Ghazālī opposed against the former concept and argued that God particularized (mukhaşşiş) of every creations. In sum, it is apparent that the argument of incorporeality that serves as the fundamental proposition is essential in having the right understanding on the concept of God. Despite having the similarities in arguing on the incorporeality of God, both al- Ghazālī and Maimonides differ in comprehending the concept of God.

王夫之「詩史」說析辨

<p>「詩史」說自唐代孟棨提出，繁衍出「敘事」、「實錄」、「忠君愛國」等內涵，多在肯定層面論說。至明清之際，王夫之的觀點頗為特出，他對「詩史」諸多內涵均加以批評，更在整體上否定此說。對抗史對詩的陵越，是船山在處理詩史關係時的根本主張，其言「詩道性情」，認為「史」不能代「詩」而言「性之情」。根本而言，王夫之出於人心危淺的儒者意識，賦予詩體以獨特意義，期望藉詩之力量導情復性，於詩之審美中尋求道德之潛力，這是他的詩歌理想；而「詩史」對此僅有破壞，而無建構，故其深惡此說。本文將分析王夫之對「詩史」部分內涵的批評，論述他於明清之際推崇「詩史」之歷史語境下的嚴峻批判態度由來，並闡述他所堅持的「詩」之獨特意義。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>Since Meng Qi from the Tang Dynasty proposed the concept of &quot;Shishi&quot; (Poetry-History), multiple interpretations, most of them were on an affirmative level, had been created, such as &quot;narrate&quot;, &quot;record as the author has witnessed &quot;, &quot; loyal and patriotic &quot; etc. By the time of late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Wang Fuzhi (1619-1692) ’s viewpoint stood out by criticized not only part of the interpretations but the whole concept of &quot;Shishi&quot;. When dealing with the relation between &quot;history&quot; and &quot;poetry&quot;, Wang Fuzhi’s fundamental proposition was to defy history&rsquo;s violation of poetic form. Wang Fuzhi stressed that poetry should express &quot;Xing&quot; (human nature) and &quot;Qing&quot; (feelings). The history’s violation of poetic form would undermine the expression of Qing and therefore weaken the power of it, which could enhance the cultivation of people and help brace up the national power. Once the history was emphasized egregiously in poetic form, the essence of poetry would be vandalized. Essentially, Wang Fuzhi endowed the poetic form of a unique meaning due to his consciousness of Confucianism. He hoped that the power of poetry would guide Qing to Xing. This was his poetic ideal to seek moral potential in the aesthetics of poetry. Therefore, he rebelled at the concept of &quot;Shishi&quot; which impeded destructively. This paper analyzes Wang Fuzhi’s criticism of &quot;Shishi&quot;, discusses the reason for his unique critical attitude amid the atmosphere of this concept during the late Ming and early Qing and explains his interpretations of poetry.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Tourism, capital, and the commodification of place

The tourism industries remain inadequately and inconsistently theorised as a form of capitalist development despite their immense ability to transform spaces and economies. The fundamental proposition that tourism ‘commodifies’ place is widely declared yet rarely critically analysed. There exists confusion about the role of nature and culture, and the experiential nature of consumption, in the commodification of place. To clarify these processes, we extend previous geographic work on the commodification of nature to develop a typology of commodified tourist spaces firmly grounded in political economy. We deploy this analysis to illuminate the distinctive spatial politics of anti-tourism resistance.

Personality and Social Psychology

Lewin’s fundamental proposition that psychological events depend on the person and on the environment, although their relative importance may vary, launched the first edition of the Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology. The bridges between personality and social psychology are continued and expanded in this edition. This chapter presents the rationale for interactionist perspectives spanning personality and social psychology. The ways this rationale has evolved and research has developed in the years that have intervened since the first edition are noted. Previewed are the ways in which the handbook contributors explore the historical, conceptual, methodological, and empirical foundations for, and the theoretical and practical benefits of, such bridges across a broad range of domains of individual and social functioning. These explorations provide new and rich understandings that promise to advance the state of personality, social psychology, and their integration.

Momentariness, Buddhist doctrine of

The object of the Buddhist doctrine of momentariness is not the nature of time, but existence within time. Rather than atomizing time into moments, it atomizes phenomena temporally by dissecting them into a succession of discrete momentary entities. Its fundamental proposition is that everything passes out of existence as soon as it has originated and in this sense is momentary. As an entity vanishes, it gives rise to a new entity of almost the same nature which originates immediately afterwards. Thus, there is an uninterrupted flow of causally connected momentary entities of nearly the same nature, the so-called continuum (santāna). These entities succeed each other so fast that the process cannot be discerned by ordinary perception. Because earlier and later entities within one continuum are almost exactly alike, we come to conceive of something as a temporally extended entity even though the fact that it is in truth nothing but a series of causally connected momentary entities. According to this doctrine, the world (including the sentient beings inhabiting it) is at every moment distinct from the world in the previous or next moment. It is, however, linked to the past and future by the law of causality in so far as a phenomenon usually engenders a phenomenon of its kind when it perishes, so that the world originating in the next moment reflects the world in the preceding moment. At the root of Buddhism lies the (never questioned) conviction that everything that has originated is bound to perish and is therefore, with the exception of factors conducive to enlightenment, ultimately a source of frustration. There is no surviving textual material that documents how this law of impermanence came to be radicalized in terms of momentariness. It seems that by the fourth century the doctrine of momentariness had already assumed its final form. Characteristically, the debate became more and more dominated by epistemological questions, while the metaphysical aspect faded into the background.

Do Competencies of Entrepreneurs Influence the Performance of Small and Medium Firms: A Study on Small and Medium Size Poultry Firms in Khulna City

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between entrepreneurial competencies (skills that entrepreneurs require to perform their jobs to their full potentials) and firms performance (indicator that includes firms’ growth, profitability and market share). Design/Methodology/Approach: The theoretical model is drawn based on previous literatures and quantitative approach is applied. Data was collected from the 150 owners of the poultry firms (SMEs) in different areas of Khulna concerning 10 specific types of competencies (independent variable) towards firms’ performance (dependent variable). Findings: There remains a positive relationship between the entrepreneurial competencies and firms performance. Thus, if entrepreneurs give more attention to enhance entrepreneurial competencies, then it will result in better firms’ performance. Implications: The findings of this work is important to the entrepreneurship researchers, the practitioners and policy makers because of its concentration towards the fundamental proposition of entrepreneurial competency approach and to have better understanding of the importance of entrepreneurship for economic growth and new job creation. Originality/value: This study is conducted both including the female entrepreneurial domain and emerging economies like Bangladesh which is done for the first time and thus has added special value to this paper. .

Creativity and Craft

I revisit the distinction between intangible works of authorship and tangible objects, which is a fundamental proposition of modern copyright law. I suggest that reconsidering that distinction, at least in part, may expand the range of possibilities for aligning modern copyright as an economic construct with the historical roots of copyright and with ethical claims about authorial expression. Revisiting that distinction also may provide contemporary lawyers and policymakers with a much-needed tool for managing challenges posed by digital technology.

Science and Religion

The main aim of this paper is to undertake a comparative scientific analysis of religions on the basis of the well-known theoretical foundation developed by Jean Piaget. The special feature of his approach is its logical and mathematical underpinnings. We use them to resolve disputes among religious systems. In this case we are obliged to refer to that level of reality which can be disclosed to us only by means of corresponding logical and mathematical tools. Such an apparatus and its accompanying map of reality is a necessary component in the study of what is at essence an evolutionary biological and social process, which is what we are namely dealing with in terms of the analytic study of religions.This fundamental proposition regarding the connection between logical-mathematical coordination and the morphogenesis of life ought to provide the basis for ongoing progress in unifying the religious worldviews within the framework of the most highly developed and universal among them. My overall thesis is founded on the overwhelmingly universal character of Christianity, encompassing within its embrace all the other religious methodological approaches in the form of partial and particular instances, though not their entire religious teachings.

SATISFACTORY QUALITY SCENE RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT BY SCHEMATIZED STRUCTURE

The role of organizations is to implement strategy. A fundamental proposition in strategy is that distribution methods must be aligned with customers and competitive advantage. Unfortunately, method successful measurement literature has provided ambiguous guidance to managers. This paper proposes a relation of organizational relationship management by schematized structure and reviews the satisfactory quality scene strategies and performance measurement literature to develop a conceptual model and research propositions. In fact, organizations influence whether or not those organizations engage in satisfactory quality scene strategies. In this field, the focus is on the special characteristics of schematized structure such as education type and level. The facilitator manager's characteristics showing a significant association with a commitment to organizational relationship management and also organizational relationship management showed a positive association with those schematized structure with a growth orientation. It is concluded that facilitator manager's characteristics can be important in explaining and compilation the organizational relationship management within the organizations for implementation. This paper is to explore the ways in which certain characteristics of schematized structure of organizations generate a tendency to prepare formal written satisfactory quality scene strategies.