Emergence of climate change signals in marine ecosystem thermal niches

Temperature is one of the most important drivers of global ocean patterns of biodiversity1,2,3 shaping thermal niches through thresholds of physiological thermal tolerance4⁠. Because of anthropogenic global warming, lower and upper thermal niche bounds are predicted to change affecting the future distribution of marine species5,6⁠. Current working hypotheses suggest an expansion of ectotherms toward their poleward boundaries7,8. Nonetheless, the knowledge of the timing and extent of these rearrangements across latitude and depth remains limited. Here, using daily data across the water column from both Ocean Sites network observations and novel Earth System Model, we track the emergence of thermal niches whose lower bound is warmer than their current upper bound, potentially disrupting marine habitats. We show that these developments will emerge by ~2030 in subsurface waters (~50 – 1000 m) if anthropogenic emissions continue to rise, whereas they delay several decades if emissions are substantially reduced. By 2100, thermal niches will be warmer than current counterparts. However, we further show that depending on the vertical level, concomitant changes in both boundaries will result in wider or narrower thermal niches. These results suggest that the redistribution of marine species might differ across depth, shedding light upon a much more complex picture of the impact of climate change on marine habitats.

Nominal Constructions of the Vertical Level in the Yakut Language

At present, the grammatical and semantic study of nominal constructions as a means of conveying metrological concepts is believed to reveal the general picture of the study of the functional grammar of the Yakut (Saha) language. Widespread constructions obtained by the method of continuous sampling from Yakut imaginative literature and folklore serve as the material of the research. The purpose of the article is to identify the structural and semantic features of the expression of nominal structures on the material of the Yakut language. As the subject matter of the research, we chose constructions of a nominal type, expressing the height / growth of an object, the depth of substances, and the length of hanging objects.It is postulated that in the Yakut language, typical constructions with the instrumental affix -nan and with the dative affix -ar, -gar in combination with the postpositions dieri, dyly and tiye ʻdo, up to’ as means of expressing the level differ from each other not only in their structure, but also semantically. To identify the grammatical and semantic features of nominal constructions with the meaning of the level, different techniques have been used: morphoglossing, taking into account the linguistic specificity of the language, based on the Leipzig rules for the representation of texts, metalanguage transmission of the meaning of the level, description of semantic groups and subgroups, semantic analysis of the nominal structure.The basic nominal and postpositional constructions with the meaning of the level are presented; the component composition of the studied units is described; considered and described is also the semantic structure of qualitative-adverbial units with quantitative meaning. Based on the material of the studied units, it has been established that the situation of measuring the vertical level has its own cognitive significance, which is mostly associated with anthropocentrism. The main names of body parts with the instrumental affix -nan, capable of acting as level indicators, except for harah ʻeyesʼ, haas ʻebrowsʼ, uos ʻlip(s)ʼ, tis ʻtooth(s)ʼ, and other parts of a person’s face are revealed. Constructions with the instrumental case preposition -nan are more static and are mainly used with the verbs of being; the constructions with the dative affix -gar and the postpositions dyly, dieri, tiye ʻdo, up toʼ show more dynamics, thanks to the verbs of movement and achievement.

Arytenoid asymmetry: Is it the most predictive parameter for arytenoid adduction in unilateral vocal fold paralysis?

Objective The aim of this study was to establish arytenoid asymmetry as a pre-operative predictive parameter for arytenoid adduction surgery in unilateral vocal fold paralysis and thereafter identify the most predictive parameter for arytenoid adduction among the established parameters. Methods A retrospective comparative study was undertaken. The ‘arytenoid asymmetry angle’ formed between skewed ‘glottic’ and ‘interarytenoid’ axes (traced along the plane of closure of the membranous and cartilaginous glottis, respectively) was quantified in pre-operative laryngoscopic images of 85 adults with unilateral vocal fold paralysis who underwent either type 1 thyroplasty (group 1) or type 1 thyroplasty with arytenoid adduction (group 2). The need for arytenoid adduction was determined intra-operatively based on subjective voice improvement and laryngoscopic results. Results Arytenoid asymmetry (p < 0.0001), posterior phonatory gap (p = 0.001) and vertical level difference (p = 0.004) were significantly greater in group 2 (descending order of parameters). Arytenoid asymmetry angle showed a significant positive correlation with the latter two parameters. Conclusion Arytenoid asymmetry is the most predictive parameter for arytenoid adduction. An arytenoid asymmetry angle of more than or equal to 33.9⁰ is an indication for arytenoid adduction. This aids in pre-operative planning of arytenoid adduction.

Horizontal-resource models of happiness

“Happiness” is not even considered by many as a scientific term. Meanwhile, some practitioners are concerned with improving the quality of life and the objective reasons for people’s subjective satisfaction while others note the prevalence of problems related to “unhappiness”. Thus, in the best case, people turn to clergy, significant others, or psychotherapists to change either themselves or their lives for the better. However, theoretical interpretations of the phenomenon of happiness in many sciences that are based on the models of balance, the correspondence between the desired and the available, etc., use a fragmented and practically unstructured terminological apparatus. The goal of the study is to identify the conceptual models in all the diversity of interpretations and studies of happiness that allow uniting groups of researchers from different fields of knowledge, as well as to present the views of the authors of artworks on the mechanisms of experience and empathy with the processes of gaining and losing happiness. Methods: Comparative analysis of views on the phenomenon of happiness and the related states presented in works of art, spiritual and cultural life, and studies of the social and human sciences. The analyzed material allowed us to show the presence of a large number of models of interpretation of the state of happiness often associated with the assessment of resources available to the individual (horizontal-resource models of happiness). This distinguishes them from the vertical-level models that contrast the highest levels of happiness of special quality with the manifestation of different, lower-order states also referred to as happiness. It is important to note that in horizontal-resource interpretations, many models do not treat happiness simply as a significant share “of the total pie”. Resource-based approaches assess the available or absent potential (of varying nature), as well as the absence or presence of the possibility of approaching a subjectively meaningful state.

Promising Areas for Developing HR Managers' Competencies in the Digital Age

The rapid development of technologies is creating a new digital reality in human resource management. In the context of the transition to the digital economy and transformation of traditional classical organizations to digital ones, digital management decentralization will take place on the basis of digital technologies. The most important characteristic feature of a digital organization is interaction of the HR service with employees using mobile applications. Predictive HR analytics, employee-centered professional training, feedback not only at the vertical level but also at the horizontal level requires the development of new competencies of HR specialists. Based on the authors' research, implemented by a temporary creative team, the practice of developing managerial competencies in the process of digital transformation is analyzed using the example of HR management services in organizations at different levels of digital maturity. The study has shown understanding on the part of HR specialists that automation has a significant potential and will be in demand in all the companies, regardless of their size. The transition from a traditional organization to a digital one will require changes in the qualification requirements for HR specialists, readiness of HR specialists to acquire new digital competencies, to develop their professional skills and personal abilities.

Strategic Integration Decision under Supply Chain Competition in the Presence of Online Channel

This study explores the pricing decisions of substitutable products for two competing supply chains in the presence of an online channel. Each supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and an exclusive retailer and one of the manufacturers distributes products through the online channel. We examine optimal decisions under five scenarios to explore how the strategic cooperation between two manufacturers at the upstream horizontal level or with the retailer at the vertical level affects product pricing decisions and the performance of two supply chains? The results reveal that decisions for cooperation with competing manufacturers and opening an online channel are correlated. In the absence of an online channel, cooperation with their respective retailer can lead to a higher supply chain profit. However, if a manufacturer opens an online channel, then cooperation with competing manufacturers can lead to a higher supply chain profit. Under the vertical integration, total supply chain profit might be lower compared to a scenario where members in each supply chain remain independent. Consumers also need to pay more for products.

Numerical modelling of the wind over forests: roughness versus canopy drag

Parameterizing the effect of vertically-distributed vegetation through an effective roughness (z0,eff) – whereby momentum loss through a three-dimensional foliage volume is represented as momentum loss over an area at one vertical level – can facilitate the use of forest data in flow models, to any level of detail, and simultaneously reduce computational cost. Results of numerical experiments and comparison with observations show that a modelling approach based on z0,eff can estimate wind speed and turbulence levels over forested areas, at heights of interest for wind energy applications (∼60 m and higher), but only above flat terrain. Caution must be exercised in the application of such a model to zones of forest edges. Advanced flow models capable of incorporating local (distributed) drag forces are recommended for complex terrain covered by forest.

Two-sided turbulent boundary layer parameterizations for assessing ocean – atmosphere fluxes

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Standard &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;methods for determining air &amp;#8211; sea fluxes typically rely on bulk algorithms derived from the Monin-Obukhov stability theory (MOST), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;using ocean surface fields and atmosphere near-surface fields. In the context of coupled ocean &amp;#8211; atmosphere simulations, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;shallowest ocean vertical level is usually assimilated to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the surface, and the turbulent closure is one-sided: it aims at extrapolating atmosphere near-surface solution profiles (for wind speed, temperature and humidity) to the prescribed ocean surface values. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Assimilating near-surface ocean fields as surface ones is equivalent to considering that in the ocean surface layer, solution profiles are constant instead of also being determined by a turbulent closure. Here we introduce a method for extending existing turbulent parameterization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; to a two-sided &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;context, by including the ocean surface layer and the viscous sublayers, which are also generally neglected in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;standard air &amp;#8211; sea fluxes computation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The formalism we use for this method is derived from that of classical turbulent closure, so that our novelties can easily be implemented within existing formulations.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;Special care is taken to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ensure the smoothness of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;resulting solution profiles. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;We&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;investigate the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;impact of such two-sided bulk formulations on air - sea fluxes and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;discuss further implications such as resulting bulk formulation retuning. We also present leads on incorporating &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;other mechanisms impacting air &amp;#8211; sea fluxes within our framework, such as waves and radiation penetration.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Inverse modeling of fire emissions constrained by smoke plume transport using HYSPLIT dispersion model and geostationary satellite observations

Smoke forecasts have been challenged by high uncertainty in fire emission estimates. We develop an inverse modeling system, the HYSPLIT-based Emissions Inverse Modeling System for wildfires (or HEIMS-fire), that estimates wildfire emissions from the transport and dispersion of smoke plumes as measured by satellite observations. A cost function quantifies the differences between model predictions and satellite measurements, weighted by their uncertainties. The system then minimizes this cost function by adjusting smoke sources until wildfire smoke emission estimates agree well with satellite observations. Based on NOAA’s HYSPLIT and GOES Aerosol/Smoke Product (GASP), the system resolves smoke source strength as a function of time and vertical level. Using a wildfire event that took place in the Southeastern United States during November 2016, we tested the system’s performance and its sensitivity to varying configurations of modeling options, including vertical allocation of emissions and spatial and temporal coverage of constraining satellite observations. Compared with currently operational BlueSky emission predictions, emission estimates from this inverse modeling system outperform in both reanalysis (21 out of 21 days; −27 % average RMSE change) and hindcast modes (29 out of 38 days; −6 % average RMSE change).