ICS Software Trust Measurement Method Based on Dynamic Length Trust Chain

Aiming at the real-time requirements for industrial control systems, we proposed a corresponding trust chain method for industrial control system application software and a component analysis method based on security sensitivity weights. A dynamic length trust chain structure is also proposed in this paper. Based on this, the industrial control system software integrity measurement method is constructed. Aimed at the validity of the model, a simulation attack experiment was performed, and the performance of the model was repeated from multiple perspectives to verify the performance of the method. Experiments show that this method can effectively meet the integrity measurement under the condition of high real-time performance, protect the integrity of files, and improve the software credibility of industrial control system.

On the statics and dynamics of granular-microstructured rods with higher order effects

Granular-microstructured rods show strong dependence of grain-scale interactions in their mechanical behavior, and therefore, their proper description requires theories beyond the classical theory of continuum mechanics. Recently, the authors have derived a micromorphic continuum theory of degree n based upon the granular micromechanics approach (GMA). Here, the GMA is further specialized for a one-dimensional material with granular microstructure that can be described as a micromorphic medium of degree 1. To this end, the constitutive relationships, governing equations of motion and variationally consistent boundary conditions are derived. Furthermore, the static and dynamic length scales are linked to the second-gradient stiffness and micro-scale mass density distribution, respectively. The behavior of a one-dimensional granular structure for different boundary conditions is studied in both static and dynamic problems. The effects of material constants and the size effects on the response of the material are also investigated through parametric studies. In the static problem, the size-dependency of the system is observed in the width of the emergent boundary layers for certain imposed boundary conditions. In the dynamic problem, microstructural effects are always present and are manifested as deviations in the natural frequencies of the system from their classical counterparts.

Non-cross Bridge Viscoelastic Elements Contribute to Muscle Force and Work During Stretch-Shortening Cycles: Evidence From Whole Muscles and Permeabilized Fibers

The sliding filament–swinging cross bridge theory of skeletal muscle contraction provides a reasonable description of muscle properties during isometric contractions at or near maximum isometric force. However, it fails to predict muscle force during dynamic length changes, implying that the model is not complete. Mounting evidence suggests that, along with cross bridges, a Ca2+-sensitive viscoelastic element, likely the titin protein, contributes to muscle force and work. The purpose of this study was to develop a multi-level approach deploying stretch-shortening cycles (SSCs) to test the hypothesis that, along with cross bridges, Ca2+-sensitive viscoelastic elements in sarcomeres contribute to force and work. Using whole soleus muscles from wild type and mdm mice, which carry a small deletion in the N2A region of titin, we measured the activation- and phase-dependence of enhanced force and work during SSCs with and without doublet stimuli. In wild type muscles, a doublet stimulus led to an increase in peak force and work per cycle, with the largest effects occurring for stimulation during the lengthening phase of SSCs. In contrast, mdm muscles showed neither doublet potentiation features, nor phase-dependence of activation. To further distinguish the contributions of cross bridge and non-cross bridge elements, we performed SSCs on permeabilized psoas fiber bundles activated to different levels using either [Ca2+] or [Ca2+] plus the myosin inhibitor 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM). Across activation levels ranging from 15 to 100% of maximum isometric force, peak force, and work per cycle were enhanced for fibers in [Ca2+] plus BDM compared to [Ca2+] alone at a corresponding activation level, suggesting a contribution from Ca2+-sensitive, non-cross bridge, viscoelastic elements. Taken together, our results suggest that a tunable viscoelastic element such as titin contributes to: (1) persistence of force at low [Ca2+] in doublet potentiation; (2) phase- and length-dependence of doublet potentiation observed in wild type muscles and the absence of these effects in mdm muscles; and (3) increased peak force and work per cycle in SSCs. We conclude that non-cross bridge viscoelastic elements, likely titin, contribute substantially to muscle force and work, as well as the phase-dependence of these quantities, during dynamic length changes.

Medical Image Protection Algorithm Based on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Chain of Dynamic Length

Current image encryption algorithms have various deficiencies in effectively protecting medical images with large storage capacity and high pixel correlation. This article proposed a new image protection algorithm based on the deoxyribonucleic acid chain of dynamic length, which achieved image encryption by DNA dynamic coding, generation of DNA dynamic chain, and dynamic operation of row chain and column chain. First, the original image is encoded dynamically according to the binary bit from a pixel, and the DNA sequence matrix is scrambled. Second, DNA sequence matrices are dynamically segmented into DNA chains of different lengths. After that, row and column deletion operation and transposition operation of DNA dynamic chain are carried out, respectively, which made DNA chain matrix double shuffle. Finally, the encrypted image is got after recombining DNA chains of different lengths. The proposed algorithm was tested on a list of medical images. Results showed that the proposed algorithm showed excellent security performance, and it is immune to noise attack, occlusion attack, and all common cryptographic attacks.

A heterologous in-cell assay for investigating intermicrovillar adhesion complex interactions reveals a novel protrusion length-matching mechanism

Solute transporting epithelial cells build arrays of microvilli on their apical surface to increase membrane scaffolding capacity and enhance function potential. In epithelial tissues such as the kidney and gut, microvilli are length-matched and assembled into tightly packed “brush borders,” which are organized by ∼50-nm thread-like links that form between the distal tips of adjacent protrusions. Composed of protocadherins CDHR2 and CDHR5, adhesion links are stabilized at the tips by a cytoplasmic tripartite module containing the scaffolds USH1C and ANKS4B and the actin-based motor MYO7B. Because several questions about the formation and function of this “intermicrovillar adhesion complex” remain open, we devised a system that allows one to study individual binary interactions between specific complex components and MYO7B. Our approach employs a chimeric myosin consisting of the MYO10 motor domain fused to the MYO7B cargo-binding tail domain. When expressed in HeLa cells, which do not normally produce adhesion complex proteins, this chimera trafficked to the tips of filopodia and was also able to transport individual complex components to these sites. Unexpectedly, the MYO10–MYO7B chimera was able to deliver CDHR2 and CDHR5 to distal tips in the absence of USH1C or ANKS4B. Cells engineered to localize high levels of CDHR2 at filopodial tips acquired interfilopodial adhesion and exhibited a striking dynamic length-matching activity that aligned distal tips over time. These findings deepen our understanding of mechanisms that promote the distal tip accumulation of intermicrovillar adhesion complex components and also offer insight on how epithelial cells minimize microvillar length variability.

Gene selection in Multi-class imbalanced microarray datasets using Dynamic Length Particle Swarm Optimization

Background: Microarray gene expression datasets usually contain a large number of genes which complicates further operations like classification, clustering and other kinds of analysis. During classification process, identification of salient genes is a brainstorming task and needs careful selection. Methods: The classification on multiclass datasets is more critical when compared with binary classification. When there are multiple class labels, chances are more likely that the datasets are imbalanced. Large variations can be seen in number of samples belonging to each class and hence the classification process may go biased with incorrect samples chosen for training. There is no sufficient research work available to address all these three scenarios together in microarray datasets. Results and Discussion: The paper fills this gap with the following contributions: i) Selects salient genes for classification using multiSURF algorithm ii) Identifies right instances from imbalanced datasets using Retained Tomek Link algorithm and iii) Performs gene selection for multiclass classification using Dynamic Length Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO). Conclusion: The proposed method is implemented on multi-class imbalanced microarray datasets and the final classification performance is seen to be encouraging and better than other compared methods.

A heterologous in-cell assay for investigating intermicrovillar adhesion complex interactions and function

ABSTRACTSolute transporting epithelial cells build arrays of microvilli on their apical surface to increase membrane scaffolding capacity and enhance function potential. In epithelial tissues such as the kidney and gut, microvilli are length-matched and assembled into tightly packed ‘brush borders’, which are organized by ∼50 nm thread-like links that form between the distal tips of adjacent protrusions. Composed of protocadherins CDHR2 and CDHR5, adhesion links are stabilized at the tips by a cytoplasmic tripartite module containing the scaffolds USH1C and ANKS4B, and the actin-based motor, MYO7B. As several questions about the formation and function of this ‘intermicrovillar adhesion complex’ remain open, we devised a system that allows one to study individual binary interactions between specific complex components and MYO7B. Our approach employs a chimeric myosin consisting of the motor domain of MYO10 fused to the cargo-binding tail domain of MYO7B. When expressed in HeLa cells, which do not normally produce adhesion complex proteins, this motor exhibited robust trafficking to the tips of filopodia and was also able to transport individual components to these sites. Unexpectedly, the MYO10/MYO7B chimera was able to deliver CDHR2 and CDHR5 to distal tips in the absence USH1C or ANKS4B. Cells engineered to localize high levels of CDHR2 at filopodial tips acquired inter-filopodial adhesion and exhibited a striking dynamic length matching activity that aligned distal tips over time. These observations reveal a robust adhesion-dependent mechanism for matching the lengths of adjacent surface protrusions, and may offer insight on how epithelial cells minimize microvillar length variability.