A Survey on Resilience in the IoT

Internet-of-Things (IoT) ecosystems tend to grow both in scale and complexity, as they consist of a variety of heterogeneous devices that span over multiple architectural IoT layers (e.g., cloud, edge, sensors). Further, IoT systems increasingly demand the resilient operability of services, as they become part of critical infrastructures. This leads to a broad variety of research works that aim to increase the resilience of these systems. In this article, we create a systematization of knowledge about existing scientific efforts of making IoT systems resilient. In particular, we first discuss the taxonomy and classification of resilience and resilience mechanisms and subsequently survey state-of-the-art resilience mechanisms that have been proposed by research work and are applicable to IoT. As part of the survey, we also discuss questions that focus on the practical aspects of resilience, e.g., which constraints resilience mechanisms impose on developers when designing resilient systems by incorporating a specific mechanism into IoT systems.

A New Paradigm to Indicate Antidepressant Treatments

This article develops the idea that clinical depression can be seen as a typical human response, largely rooted in human culture, to events of loss or times of adversity. Various biological, psychological, and social factors may cause some individuals to have a depressive reaction that is ineffectually limited in time and/or severity. Recovery occurs mainly based on natural resilience mechanisms, which come into play spontaneously, but which are sometimes inhibited or blocked by specific pathological biopsychosocial mechanisms. One of the mechanisms for this could be the influence of the circuits that regulate pleasure and happiness, along the dorsal diencephalic connection (DDC) pathway from the forebrain to the midbrain via the habenula. Therapy works by undermining the biopsychosocial factors that prevent the natural recovery mechanism from working. Treatment should, therefore, be seen as facilitating rather than causing natural recovery. This approach is in line with the high recovery rate after placebo treatments and the positive influence of pharmacological treatments with completely different sites of action. Acceptance of this model means that when studying new treatments for depression, a new paradigm must be applied in which the relative value of antidepressant treatment is specifically weighted in terms of enabling the natural resilience process.

Usages des Reseaux Sociaux par des Etudiants du Departement de Socioanthropologie a l’Universite Alassane Ouattara en Periode de Crise Sanitaire COVID 19

Face à la psychose liée à la COVID-19 dans le monde, les individus et les institutions ont mobilisé divers mécanismes de résilience. A l’Université Alassane Ouattara (UAO) durant le confinement, des innovations pédagogiques, à savoir les enseignements par visioconférences, des cours en ligne et à distance à travers les mails sont entrepris. Plusieurs plateformes et espaces d’échange entre enseignants et étudiants ainsi qu’entre pairs étudiants sont créés. Toutefois, peu d’études ont été conduites pour renseigner avec exactitude sur les usages réels de ces réseaux sociaux par les étudiants durant le temps du confinement. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer les différents usages que font les étudiants du département de socio-anthropologie de l’UAO des réseaux sociaux en période de COVID-19. L’étude porte sur trente (30) sujets choisis de façon empirique dans les différents groupes sociaux (Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, WhatsApp, etc.). L’ancrage théorique de cette étude est la théorie de l’action raisonnée de Fishbein et Ajzen (1975). L’étude est qualitative, notamment phénoménologique. L’observation, la recherche documentaire et l’entretien semi-directif ont été utilisés comme techniques de recueils des données. Selon les résultats le facteur principal de l’utilisation des réseaux sociaux est l’anxiété suivie des activités lucratives et des besoins d’étude. En ce qui concerne, l’ordre de préférence des réseaux sociaux les plus visités WhatsApp vient en tête, suivi de Facebook, ensuite YouTube et enfin d’Instagram. Faced with the psychosis linked to COVID-19 around the world, individuals and institutions have mobilized various resilience mechanisms. At Alassane Ouattara University (UAO) during confinement, educational innovations, namely teaching by videoconferencing, online and distance courses through emails are being undertaken. Several platforms and spaces for exchange between teachers and students as well as student peers are created. However, few studies have been conducted to provide accurate information on the real uses of these social networks by students during the time of confinement. The objective of this study is to determine the different uses that students of the socio-anthropology department of the UAO make of social networks during COVID-19. The study covers thirty (30) subjects chosen empirically from different social groups (Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, WhatsApp, etc.). The theoretical grounding of this study is the theory of reasoned action of Fishbein and Ajzen (1975). The study is qualitative, in particular phenomenological. Observation, desk research and semi-structured interviews were used as data collection techniques. According to the results the main factor in the use of social networks is anxiety followed by profitmaking activities and study needs. With regard to the order of preference of the most visited social networks WhatsApp comes first, followed by Facebook, then YouTube and finally Instagram.

Institutional vulnerabilities, COVID-19, resilience mechanisms and societal relationships in developing countries

In this article the author submits that COVID-19 pandemic challenges could be utilised as an opportunity to reform government institutions to develop resilience measures that would potentially meet contemporary and future challenges. It will highlight that the current approach of institutions has failed to meet societal need. It focuses on developing countries, particularly the continent of Africa, drawing on results from a qualitative study of a justice institution of Uganda as a case study that explored how institutions coped to maintain societal relationship during the pandemic. Results suggested that, despite the pandemic challenges, institutions suffer epistemic issues that require critical examination for states to develop policies that would facilitate institutional reform to gain resilience mechanisms needed to meet contemporary and future societal challenges. A vulnerability theoretical framework is introduced and suggested as the remedy.

Theoretical basis of pain

Pain experiences, both acute and chronic, are common in infants, children, and adolescents. The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of different biopsychosocial pediatric pain models that address acute or chronic pain. Recent insights in neural processes are discussed, as well as psychosocial mechanisms across a child’s development. The crucial role of parents in different theoretical conceptualizations is highlighted. We emphasize that both risk factors for the development of chronic pain-related disability and resilience mechanisms for adaptive child functioning should be considered. Finally, clinical implications are outlined ensuing from the different theoretical models discussed in this chapter.

On Representing Resilience Requirements of Microservice Architecture Systems

Together with the spread of DevOps practices and container technologies, Microservice Architecture has become a mainstream architecture style in recent years. Resilience is a key characteristic in Microservice Architecture (MSA) Systems, and it shows the ability to cope with various kinds of system disturbances which cause degradations of services. However, due to lack of consensus definition of resilience in the software field, although a lot of work has been done on resilience for MSA Systems, developers still do not have a clear idea on how resilient an MSA System should be, and what resilience mechanisms are needed. In this paper, by referring to existing systematic studies on resilience in other scientific areas, the definition of microservice resilience is provided and a Microservice Resilience Measurement Model is proposed to measure service resilience. And a requirement model to represent resilience requirements of MSA Systems is given. The requirement model uses elements in KAOS to represent notions in the measurement model, and decompose service resilience goals into system behaviors that can be executed by system components. As a proof of concept, a case study is conducted on an MSA System to illustrate how the proposed models are applied.