Remelting and Addition of Alloy Components

This chapter discusses our scientific understanding of alloying. Class I alloy additions have a melting point lower than the bulk melt temperature, whereas class II additions have a melting point higher than the bulk melt temperature. This means that magnesium is a class I element when added to aluminium, and silicon and manganese are class II alloy additions. An energy conservation model for melting is presented and compared to measurements. A numerical model is presented for continuous feeding and melting of aluminium plates into aluminium melt. For class II alloy additions it is shown from the literature that the melting rate can be strongly affected by the formation of intermetallic phases during the melting process. Therefore, it is virtually impossible to put up a general model for the melting of these types of alloying elements. Safety regarding alloying operations is also addressed.

Evaluation of the village conservation model program in Mount Rinjani National Park using institutional sustainability principles

Conservation Village Model (MDK) is one form of institution since it contains various mechanisms and rules to ensure the operationalization of activities in the field. In this regard, the evaluation process plays a substantial role in ensuring the sustainability of MDK institutions. Thus, studies related to institutional performance are crucial to describe the conditions of MDK implementation in TNGR based on the principles of institutional sustainability. This research was done between April and July 2016, focusing on two villages (i.e. Santong Village and Pesangrahan Village) that have been designated by the Mount Rinjani National Park Office as recipients of the conservation village model program. The analytical tool used to evaluate institutional performance refers to the eight principles of sustainable institutional. The results showed that the implementation of MDK in Mount Rinjani National Park had a low institutional performance. Several facts revealed in this study indicate that so far, the implementation of MDK in TNGR has not accommodated several sustainable institutional principles. These include the absence of mechanisms that regulate the clarity of community access to the use of national parks, differences in program interventions with community preferences, and the absence of mechanisms on benefit cost-sharing and dispute resolution at the operational level.

The influence of solar heating upon ground temperature

To predict the superficial ground temperature due to solar radiation as a function of the depth and rock physical properties, the Finite Volume Method was employed upon an energy conservation model. ANSYS Transient Thermal was selected to simulate a 3D geological volume, 1625 m wide, 2000 m long and with variable height as a function of topographical data. As a result, the variability of ground temperature during a 24h day was assessed. A set of climatological data was used to evaluate the ground temperature for the colder periods. The numerical results were compared against the Kusuda and Achenbach’s analytical solution to evaluate the possibility of extending the validity of a widely used method, from daily to intraday data.

Analysis of Community Self-Assistance Level in Water Resources Conservation in the Upper Areas of Renggung Watershed Lombok Island

This study aims to analyze the initiative and level of community self-assistance in water resources conservation, analyze the influence of family socio-economic characteristics on the level of self-assistance in water resources conservation, and formulate a self-assistance conservation model in the upstream area of the Renggung watershed. This research was carried out in the upstream area of the Renggung watershed. Data were collected observation, in-depth interviews, document review. Data were analyzed based on a Likert scale and multiple regression. The results of the study are as follows: (1) Initiatives and the level of community self-assistance in the conservation of water resources in the upstream area of the Renggung watershed are classified in the “Low” category; (2) The socio-economic characteristics of the family that have a significant effect on the level of self-assistance are age and income. Age has a positive effect, while income has a negative effect; and (3) Self-assistance conservation models that can be developed are: Development of Village-owned Fruit and Ornamental Plant Tourism Parks; Productive Economic Business Empowerment; and Development of Conservation Crop Compensation.

A Participatory Agrobiodiversity Conservation Approach in the Oases: Community Actions for the Promotion of Sustainable Development in Fragile Areas

Rural development policies today include significant directions towards ecological transition and sustainability. Biodiversity plays a fundamental role, especially in fragile environments. The North African oases, for example, are socio-ecological structures with delicate balances in terms of natural resources, where the activation of participatory conservation approaches appears today to be very useful, aiming at long-lasting results. This type of approach was applied in the oasis of El Hamma, in Tunisia. The socio-ecological analysis was carried out through semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders of the oasis. The results were used to activate focus groups and to identify, in a participatory way, a conservation strategy for the species and the varieties at risk of erosion or disappearing. From this research, a wide spread of non-traditional date palm and vegetables emerged in a very diverse social context. These products were recognized as highly significant in terms of traditional knowledge by all stakeholders. Therefore, a Maison des semences and a public conservation center for perennial species were created, representing the first step of a participatory conservation model. Seeds of 11 traditional annual species, 10 date palm varieties and, in perspective, many other fruit species and vegetable varieties have been introduced into conservation.

Developing a maintenance-focussed conservation model: an Australian overview

PurposeThis paper presents a conceptual design process for developing a maintenance-focused heritage conservation model. Currently, there are several intervention approaches that can be applied in conservation from reconstruction, restoration and repairs to a “do-nothing” approach. This paper examines whether a maintenance solution is more than just an option or a necessity. The aim of the paper is to study the challenges and opportunities when putting more emphasis on the maintenance approach in conservation.Design/methodology/approachThis research was conducted in an Australian context, where many major buildings were constructed from the 19th and 20th centuries and are now categorised as “modern heritage”. three case studies were undertaken to inform this paper and others. In addition, 17 global heritage conservation experts were interviewed, and their responses were analysed. Also, comparative field observations and archival records were examined and used to develop the initial framework model. Finally, using focus group discussions amongst 7 experts, the framework was reviewed and formally validated in order to ensure the development of a useful model for use in devising an effective maintenance management plan and monitoring conditions in heritage buildings.FindingsThis paper supports others in a series that have already been accepted by this journal, focussing the research on heritage building conservation being conducted in Australia, the homeland of the Burra Charter. The other papers are entitled (1) model for the maintenance-focused heritage building conservation and (2) engineering in heritage conservation.Originality/valueThe paper examines contemporary issues in heritage building maintenance and conservation in Australia and focusses specifically on the lack of focus on maintenance as a conservation intervention for heritage buildings.

Engineering in heritage conservation

PurposeThis paper aims to set out the role of engineers in heritage conservation and investigates and evaluates the proposed available tools, technology and innovations that are currently available in the civil engineering sector that can be applied in heritage conservation.Design/methodology/approachAs society has become more aware of the grandeur of heritage spaces and structures, there is increasing pressure to preserve historic buildings. But, it is the economic cost of maintaining this important heritage legacy that has become the prime consideration of every state in Australia. Dedicated intelligent monitoring systems supplementing the traditional building inspections will enable the involved and interested stakeholders to carry out not only timely reactive response, but also to plan the maintenance of such buildings in a more vigilant and systematic manner. This will, in future, help to prevent further degradation of heritage buildings, which is very costly, often difficult and sometimes impossible to address if neglected. Savings in time and resources can be achieved, but only if a building's pathological monitoring and inspection results are on hand for use to guide major decisions to be made on how to best prevent further decay, or to save an important historical structure or building fabric.FindingsThe emergence of technological tools will enable the realization of a maintenance-focused conservation model. However, aside from the cost, these tools are still experimental in nature. These technologies are yet to be applied within the conservation industry with hopes of creating an easier and economically effective systematic method of heritage conservation.Originality/valueThe paper discusses the emerging tools and technologies in easing the monitoring aspect of a maintenance-focused conservation model.