Thermoelectric Elements with Negative Temperature Factor of Resistance

The method of manufacturing of ceramic materials on the basis of ferrites of nickel and cobalt by synthesis and sintering in controllable regenerative atmosphere is presented. As the generator of regenerative atmosphere the method of conversion of carbonic gas is offered. Calculation of regenerative atmosphere for simultaneous sintering of ceramic ferrites of nickel and cobalt is carried out. It is offered, methods of the dilated nonequilibrium thermodynamics to view process of distribution of a charge and heat along a thermoelement branch. The model of a thermoelement taking into account various relaxation times of a charge and warmth is constructed.

REDUCING THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF CARBONIC GAS EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FROM AIR

One of several existing «direct carbon capture» projects in the world has been considered. Carbon dioxide can be converted to fuel or buried for disposal. New technology will help reduce atmospheric CO2.

Regions of anomalous geothermal fields in the State of Tocantins, Central Brazil

We report recent progress in determination of geothermal gradients and heat flow in the State of Tocantins, Central Brazil. This region lying between the Amazonas and Sao Francisco cratons has been affected by metamorphic folding events (Brasilia and Araguaia) during Proterozoic times. This area is also characterized by moderate micro-seismic seismic activity. Results of recent investigations have revealed the presence of several areas where geothermal gradients and heat flow have values higher than normal, which is considered atypical of stable tectonic settings. In southern parts of the State of Tocantins heat flow values are higher than 80 mW/m2. Extrapolations based on near surface heat flow data point to crustal temperatures in excess of 200°C at depths less than 5 km. However, there are no evidences of magmatic intrusions at shallow intra-crustal depths. In the absence of other geologic source mechanisms and tectonic events the process responsible for high heat flow has been postulated to be enhanced heat transport by carbonic gas flow in the upper crust. This possible alternative is supported by observations of carbonic gas flow at sites of thermal springs within the study area and also in geothermal areas in the neighboring state of Goiás. Model simulations of deep crustal geotherms indicate that temperatures may approach levels of partial fusion at the crust mantle boundary.

The Estimation of Carbonic Gas Emission by Ice-Class Large-Size Ships Moving in Ice Using Different Escorting Methods

Today, there is a strong emphasis on navigation safety in polar waters. IMO Subcommittee on Ship Design and Equipment has issued the Polar Code encompassing the matters of design, structure, equipment and operation of ships intended for polar waters. One of the main objectives of this Code is to work out the rules for man-made pollution management in the Arctic. Modern marine logistics systems developed to transport hydrocarbons and natural gas produced at the Arctic offshore include the ships with high ice class capable of operating both autonomously and with ice-breaker pilotage. This work explains how to assess, as per IMO formulas, the CO2 emissions from large ice-going ships in different scenarios of their ice-breaker pilotage. Obtained results served to assess power efficiency of large ships allowing evaluation of the pilotage techiques, both existing and those suggested by the authors of this paper, in terms of environmental safety.

Fluid Inclusion Study of Quartz Xenocrysts in Mafic Dykes from Kawant Area, Chhota Udaipur District, Gujarat, India

Unusual mafic dykes occur in the proximity of the Ambadongar Carbonatite Complex, Lower Narmada Valley, Gujarat, India. The dykes contain dense population of quartz xenocrysts within the basaltic matrix metasomatised by carbonate-rich fluids. Plagioclase feldspars, relict pyroxenes, chlorite, barite, rutile, magnetite, Fe-Ti oxides and glass were identified in the basaltic matrix. Quartz xenocrysts occur in various shapes and sizes and form an intricate growth pattern with carbonates. The xenocrysts are fractured and contain several types of primary and secondary, single phase and two-phase fluid inclusions. The two-phase inclusions are dominated by aqueous liquid, whereas the monophase inclusions are composed of carbonic gas and the aqueous inclusions homogenize to liquid between 226°C and 361°C. Majority of the inclusions are secondary in origin and are therefore unrelated to the crystallization of quartz. Moreover, the inclusions have mixed carbonic-aqueous compositions that inhibit their direct correlation with the crustal or mantle fluids. The composition of dilute CO

Increase of gastric area and weight gain in rats submitted to the ingestion of gasified water

PURPOSE: Due to the progressive increasing in the use of gasified drinks and weight gain in the Brazilian population, in addition to the fact that carbonic gas is present in all soft drinks, an experimental study was conducted using rats as the subject to investigate the effects of gasified water in the hydric ingestion and food intake, weight gain, gastric area, blood sugar, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. METHODS: Four groups of 12 rats were studied for 36 days while receiving the following daily diet, four times per day: Group 1 - 35g/day of rat food "ad libitum" and 20ml of non-gasified water; Group 2 - 35g/day of rat food "ad libitum" and 20 ml of gasified water; Group 3 - 10g/day of rat food "ad libitum" and 20ml of non-gasified water; and Group 4 - 10g/day of rat food "ad libitum" and 20ml of gasified water. RESULTS: The results showed that the animals submitted to the treatment with gasified water (Groups 2 and 4), presented a larger volume of hydric ingestion and significant increase of the gastric area (p<0,001). In group 2, the food intake and the weight gain were significant (p<0,01). Blood sugar, hematocrit and hemoglobin data didn't show significant alterations among the studied groups. CONCLUSION: The authors of this study concluded that gasified water favored the hydric ingestion, food intake, and weight gain, as well as expanded the gastric area.