Sustainability and Consumerism

The Brundtland Commission report Our Common Future in 1987 gave birth to the concept of sustainable development. The meaning is benefitting the present without compromising the future. It was felt that, unless conventional growth and development are replaced by sustainable development through environmentally friendly actions, doomsday is very near. However, such sustainable development was followed by a global spree of consumerism that only added to the environmental burden. This dichotomy needs to be understood, and for the same purpose, one needs to go back to that point of Earth's history when ecology and economy were synonymous. From then on, the drift between the ecology and economy that has brought us to today's scenario needs to be understood. In this background, the chapter raises questions on how green the green sectors are. Furthermore, can sustainable development and consumerism be captured as one body of ‘sustainable consumerism'?

A Novel Description on Vague Graph with Application in Transportation Systems

Fuzzy graph (FG) models embrace the ubiquity of existing in natural and man-made structures, specifically dynamic processes in physical, biological, and social systems. It is exceedingly difficult for an expert to model those problems based on a FG because of the inconsistent and indeterminate information inherent in real-life problems being often uncertain. Vague graph (VG) can deal with the uncertainty associated with the inconsistent and determinate information of any real-world problem, where FGs many fail to reveal satisfactory results. Regularity definitions have been of high significance in the network heterogeneity study, which have implications in networks found across biology, ecology, and economy; so, adjacency sequence (AS) and fundamental sequences (FS) of regular vague graphs (RVGs) are defined with examples. One essential and adequate prerequisite has been ascribed to a VG with maximum four vertices is that it should be regular based on the adjacency sequences concept. Likewise, it is described that if ζ and its principal crisp graph (CG) are regular, then all the nodes do not have to have the similar AS. In the following, we obtain a characterization of vague detour (VD) g-eccentric node, and the concepts of vague detour g-boundary nodes and vague detour g-interior nodes in a VG are examined. Finally, an application of vague detour g-distance in transportation systems is given.

Vegetation diversity of Hevea brasiliensis agroforest system in Tumbang Mantuhe Village, Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

A rubber agroforest system is a form of land use that considers ecological and economic aspects that are still maintained by the people of Tumbang Mantuhe Village. This study aims to identify and analyze the diversity of vegetation in the agroforest system in Tumbang Mantuhe Village, Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan. This research uses purposive sampling and the vegetation analysis method. The results showed that the species of vegetation in the rubber agroforest system amounted to 29 species in 23 families. At the seedling level, it is dominated by Macaranga sp. and Xylopia ferruginea; the sapling level is dominated by H. brasiliensis and Syzygium tawahense; the pole level is dominated by Deplanchea bancana and Xylopia ferruginea; at the tree, the level is dominated by H. brasiliensis and Lithocarpus sp. At the seedling, sapling, pole, and tree levels, the diversity values were moderate and the species richness values were moderate to high, and the species distribution was even (stable). The H. brasiliensis agroforest system with various trees in it is a characteristic of local wisdom that the people of Tumbang Mantuhe Village have applied from generation to generation, which provides a balance between ecology and economy.

The Economics of Climate Change in Agriculture of Kazakhstan

At the end of the XX - beginning of the XXI century, there are global processes of climate change under the influence of anthropogenic factors, the preservation of these trends entail extreme and almost irreversible consequences. It is obvious that climate change affects agricultural production and its productivity throughout the world. The climate change economy is an innovative economy direction that emerged at the junction of ecology and economy and global environmental requirements are conditioned. The agriculture one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions, can play an important role in mitigating the effects of climate change. The principles of the economy of climate change are aimed at solving two key issues: achieving "improved growth" and achieving an "improved climate". Objectives of the review: to analyze the global processes of climate change; to study the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Kazakhstan; consider a system of measures to prevent global climate change in the context of the climate change economy. For review have used different literature as IPCC, WMO, WTO, FАО, UNEP, UNFCCC, UNDP, IMF, WB, ОEСD, KAZHYDROMET, IRRI, Committee of the Statistics of the Kazakhstan reports and etc.

Mongolia’s success relies heavily on China

Significance However, it does not resolve the state of limbo in which Mongolia’s domestic politics, international relations and economic development has remained for the past several years. Prime Minister U Khurelsukh will consolidate his dominance of the MPP, largely continuing past policies. Impacts Legal uncertainties and corruption inquiries surrounding Oyu Tolgoi and other mining projects will negatively affect foreign investment. There will be Chinese pressure, and serious Mongolian consideration, of full membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Factional conflicts within the main opposition party may undermine Battulga’s hope for re-election as president next year. Climate change will put increasing pressure on Mongolia’s ecology and economy.