horizontal layers
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Author(s):  
Gabriele Calzavara ◽  
Manuel Iori ◽  
Marco Locatelli ◽  
Mayron C. O. Moreira ◽  
Tiago Silveira

AbstractIn the pallet building problem, we aim at loading a given set of items into one or more pallets, by satisfying specific constraints and minimizing the number of pallets used. In this paper, we address a practical case of this problem that originates from a real-world robotized application, subject to some non-trivial operational constraints. In practice, items are grouped into families and must be packed into horizontal layers. To facilitate loading/unloading operations, items of the same type packed into the same layer should be contiguous and at least one of them should be visible from the outside. We present a formal mathematical description for layer and pallet creation subproblems and then we propose heuristic, metaheuristic, matheuristic algorithms to solve the overall problem. The performance of the algorithms is assessed through extensive computational tests on real-world instances.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6951
Author(s):  
Antonio M. Silva Filho ◽  
José R. S. Silva ◽  
Glaciano M. Fernandes ◽  
Lucas D. S. Morais ◽  
Antonio P. Coimbra ◽  
...  

This paper proposes a methodology for plant root system and soil moisture analysis through the geoelectrical prospecting method. Overall, bench and field experiments are implemented to analyze the behavior of electrical conductivity of the soil in relation to moisture content and plant root system growth. Specifically, Wenner array and lateral profiling technique are used to stratify the soil in horizontal layers, performing in-depth analysis. Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) are used to analyze the root system behavior. Results show that the soil water dynamics can be observed through soil stratification in horizontal layers and the plant root system is correlated with apparent electrical conductivity of the soil. Thus, geoelectric prospecting methods can be used as an analysis tool, both of soil moisture dynamics and of plant roots, to support decision making regarding soil and crop management.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2039 (1) ◽  
pp. 012033
Author(s):  
D A Shvetsov ◽  
A N Pavlenko ◽  
A E Brester ◽  
V I Zhukov

Abstract The paper presents the results of the study of the evaporation and boiling regimes in thin horizontal layers of liquid on a modified surface in a wide range of changes in the pressure and height of the liquid layer. Depending on the heat flux, pressure, and height of the liquid layer, the formation of various structures was observed. In this paper, maps of the evaporation and boiling regimes are obtained, which show the heat fluxes from the natural convection regime up to the boiling crisis, depending on the height of the liquid layer. The results are compared with the calculation dependencies.


Fluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Victor Kozlov ◽  
Kirill Rysin ◽  
Aleksei Vjatkin

This article experimentally investigates thermal vibrational convection in horizontal layers, subject to circular translational oscillations in the horizontal plane. The definite direction of translational vibrations lacks investigation, and the case of a layer heated from above is considered. At large negative values of the gravitational Rayleigh number, the thermovibrational convection appears in a threshold manner with an increase in the vibration intensity. Our results show that in the case of strong gravitational stabilization, thermovibrational convection develops in the form of patterns with strong anisotropy of spatial periods in orthogonal directions. The vibroconvective patterns have the form of parallel rolls divided along their length into relatively short segments. The layer thickness determines the distance between the rolls, and the longitudinal wavelength, depends on the Rayleigh number. Convective cells are studied using the noninvasive thermohromic methodic. It is found that when using the tracers for flow visualization, the concentration and type of the visualizer particles have a serious impact on the shape of the observed vibroconvective structures. In particular, the presence of even a small number of tracers (used in the study of velocity fields by the PIV method) generates flows and intensifies the heat transfer below the threshold of thermovibrational convection excitation.


2020 ◽  
pp. jeb.239178
Author(s):  
Michelle H. DiBenedetto ◽  
Kirstin S. Meyer-Kaiser ◽  
Brooke Torjman ◽  
Jeanette D. Wheeler ◽  
Lauren S. Mullineaux

The swimming behavior of invertebrate larvae can affect their dispersal, survival, and settlement in the ocean. Modelling this behavior accurately poses unique challenges as behavior is controlled both by physiology and environmental cues. Some larvae use cilia to both swim and create feeding currents, resulting in potential trade-offs between the two functions. Food availability is naturally patchy and often occurs in shallow horizontal layers in the ocean. Also, larval swimming motions generally differ in the horizontal and vertical. In order to investigate behavioral response to food by ciliated larvae, we measure their behavioral anisotropy by quantifying deviations from a model based in isotropic diffusion. We hypothesize that larvae will increase horizontal swimming and decrease vertical swimming after encountering food which could lead to aggregation at food layers. We consider Crepidula fornicata larvae which are specifically of interest as they exhibit unsteady and variable swimming behaviors that are difficult to categorize. We tracked the larvae in still water with and without food, with a portion of the larvae starved beforehand. On average, larvae in the presence of food were observed higher in the water column, with higher swimming speeds and higher horizontal swimming velocities when compared to larvae without food. Starved larvae also exhibited higher vertical velocities in food, suggesting no aggregation behavior. While most treatments showed strong anisotropy in larval behavior, we found that starved larvae without food exhibited approximately isotropic kinematics, indicating that behavioral anisotropy can vary with environmental history and conditions to enhance foraging success or mitigate food-poor environments.


2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 2821-2832
Author(s):  
Joris M. Dekker ◽  
Thomas Sweijen ◽  
Alraune Zech

AbstractInjection of silicate grouting materials is widely used to create temporary horizontal layers for reducing inflow of groundwater at construction sites, in regions with shallow water tables. The erosion of a grouting layer was investigated by means of analytical solutions for groundwater flow and transport within a pit after construction finished. Erosion is assumed to occur by dissolution of the temporary injection layer and subsequent advective transport. Thereby, the hydraulic conductivity changes with time. This paper presents novel analytical solutions and approximate solutions for the major fluxes in the construction pit as a function of the domain settings, aquifer gradient and hydraulic conductivity. In addition, the mass flux and the dilution ratio of erosion-related components leaving the construction pit and entering the aquifer are quantified. Derived solutions are verified against numerical simulations. A sensitivity study shows the impact of domain settings on fluxes and dilution ratio. The results confirm that mass flux of grout components increases with ongoing erosion. Thus, its effect on groundwater quality increases with time after construction ceased.


Author(s):  
Т. В. Гиоргобиани ◽  
Д.П. Закарая

В статье рассмотрен вопрос о механизме образования складчатости Большого Кавказа, который до сих пор является дискуссионным. В настоящее время условия формирования главной (допозднеорогенной) структуры региона объясняются большинством исследователей мобилисткими поддвиговими и придвиговыми механизмами складкообразования, установленными анализом полевых материалов. Однако, для решения этого вопроса, необходимо провести экспериментальные ис- следования возможностей этих механизмов, чтобы убедиться в их достоверности. Цель работы. Экспериментальное исследование поддвиговых и придвиговых механизмов формирования складчатой структуры, для установления подобия, полученной с помощью моделирования складчатости и структуры Большого Кавказа. Методика исследований заключалась в проведении экспериментального моделирования процессов складкогенеза. Модели, имитирующие осадочные толщи Большого Кавказа, состояли из пачек чередования горизонтальных слоев петролатума, которые помещались между двумя деревянными бру- сками. При моделировании поддвигового механизма складчатости, давящий брусок имел клинообразную форму, чем имитировались сколовые пологие разломы. В опытах придвигового механизма деформации активный брусок имел крутую грань, чем воспроизводился субвертикальный наклон краевого разлома. Исходные модели помещались в специальный прибор, где они подвергались односторонней тангенциальной деформации. Результаты. При моделировании поддвигового механизма образования складчатости в процессе косого сжатия в слоистой толще наблюдались надвиговые (поддвиговые) смещения вдоль пологой поверхности сколового разлома почти недеформированных слоев. За ними в условиях горизонтального сжатия в слоистой пачке возникла субвертикальная мелкая сильносжатая складчатость. В процессе моделирования придвигового механизма складкогенеза бруски с крутыми гранями прижимались к слоевой пачке. Во время параллельной к слоистости деформации модели, вблизи давящего блока, возникла зональная субвертикальная тесносжатая складчатость. Ее напряженность уменьшалась в сторону пассивного бруска, где она переходила в моноклинальную структуру. В процессе моделирования в поддвиговых опытах образовалась зональная складчатость, интенсивность которой возрастала с удалением от места давления. Такая морфология складчатости не характерна региону, что противоречит гипотезе о поддвиговом механизме его складкообразования. В придвиговых экспериментах также образовалась асимметричная зональная структура, но ее напряженность уменьшалась в обратном направлении. Аналогичная зональность складчатой структуры развита в пределах Большого Кавказа, что подтверждает возможность ее формирования придвиговым механизмом тектогенеза. In the article is discussed the mechanism of folding of the Greater Caucasus, which is still controversial. At present, the conditions for the formation of the main (pre-late orogenic) structure of the region, by most researchers in the result of analysis of the field data are considered as mobile underthrusting and thrusting mechanisms of folding. However, to resolve this issue, it is necessary to conduct experimental studies of the capabilities of these mechanisms to ensure their reliability. Aim. Experimental study of the underthrusting and thrusting mechanisms of the formation of a folded structure, to establish the similarity of the folding obtained by modeling and structure of the Greater Caucasus. The research methodology consisted in carrying out experimental modeling of fold genesis processes. Models imitating sedimentary strata of the Greater Caucasus consisted of packs of alternating horizontal layers of petrolatum, which were placed between two wooden blocks. When modeling the underthrusting mechanism of folding, the pressing bar had a wedge shape, which simulated gently sloping shear faults. In experiments with the thrusting mechanism of deformation, the active bars had steep edges, which produced the subvertical inclination of the edge fault. The original models were placed in a special device, where they were subjected to one-sided tangential deformation. Results. During modeling the underthrusting mechanism of folding in the process of oblique compression in the layered strata, overthrust (underthrust) displacements were observed along the gently-dipping surface of the shear fault of the almost undeformed layers. Behind them, under horizontal compression in the layered pack, subvertical highly compressed small scaled folding has developed. In the process of modeling the thrusting mechanism of folding genesis, bars with steep edges were pressed against the layered stack. During the deformation of the model parallel to the bedding, a zonal subvertical tightly compressed folding appeared near the pressing block. Its strength decreased towards the passive bar, where it passed into a monoclinal structure. In the course of modeling in underthrusting experiments, zonal folding was formed, the intensity of which increased with distance from the place of pressure. This folding morphology is not typical for the region, which contradicts the hypothesis of the underthrusting mechanism of its folding. In thrust experiments, an asymmetric zonal structure was also formed, but its tension decreased in the opposite direction. A similar zoning of the folded structure is developed within the Greater Caucasus, which confirms the possibility of its formation by the thrust mechanism of tectogenesis


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