Negative Differential Resistance of Graphene Oxide/Sulphur Compound

Graphene oxide/sulphur compound was synthesized by Hammers method. The chemical composition, presence/quantity of functional groups, exfoliation level, number of layers, crystallite size of graphene oxide/sulphur were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy images. The current-voltage characteristics of the samples were measured in air at room temperature. In the I - V characteristic curve of graphene oxide/sulphur compound with the ratio of oxygen to carbon of 3.54 and that to sulphur of 42.54, negative differential resistance was observed. The negative differential resistance is attributed to current carrier transitions between the localized states formed by functional groups.

DISTRIBUSI FREKUENSI HALITOSIS PADA PASIEN SINUSITIS DI RSUD MEURAXA BANDA ACEH

Halitosis atau bau mulut merupakan suatu kondisi yang bisa berdampak terhadap sosial seseorang dan sekitar 25% penduduk dunia mengalami halitosis. Penyebab halitosis 87% berasal dari rongga mulut dan 13 % dari ekstra oral. Sinusitis merupakan salah satu penyebab halitosis karena pada sinusitis terjadi aliran lendir melalui nasofaring serta merupakan media bagi bakteri untuk menghasilkan Volatile Sulphur Compound (VSC). Keadaan penyakit hidung obstruktif seperti sinusitis dapat menyebabkan bernafas melalui mulut sehingga menimbulkan serostomia yang dapat meningkatkan jumlah plak pada gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensi halitosis pada pasien sinusitis di RSUD Meuraxa Banda Aceh. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif cross sectional, yang dilakukan terhadap 25 pasien sinusitis yang berobat di poli THT RSUD Meuraxa Banda Aceh. Pemeriksaan halitosis dilakukan dengan Breath Checker. Metode pengambilan subjek dilakukan dengan cara total sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 96% pasien sinusitis mengalami halitosis. Pada pasien sinusitis akut, skor halitosis yang dominan adalah 1 dan 2 sedangkan pada sinusitis kronik skor halitosis yang dominan adalah 3. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan 68% pasien sinusitis memiliki tingkat kebersihan rongga mulut yang sedang dan 32% memiliki tingkat kebersihan rongga mulut yang buruk. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah 96% pasien sinusitis mengalami halitosis dan pada sinusitis kronik memiliki skor halitosis yang dominan lebih tinggi dibandingkan sinusitis akut.

Concept of Dhoopan Chikitsa (Medicinal Fumigation Therapy) and Its Importance in Prevention of air-borne diseases– A review

A person could spread infectious diseases to another person or an animal to person. Most of the contagious diseases are airborne, air borne diseases spread by tiny pathogens in the air. Bacteria, fungi or viruses transmit them. These diseases are spread by sneezing, coughing and phlegm. Airborne diseases are the most widespread, and complete prevention is complicated. These pandemic conditions had occurred in ancient times, which were described in Ayurveda text such as Janpadodhwansaj vikar (mass destruction of population) and infectious diseases (Auopsargika rogas) and Samarikavishaprayoga.Janpadodhwansaj vikar, communicable diseases (Auopsargika rogas) and Samarikavishaprayoga spread by four routes – air, water, region, time. At that time, Dhoopan Chikitsa (Fumigation therapy) had been mentioned for treating these types of airborne diseases spread by air. Dhoopana is one of the measures suggested for the maintenance of the internal and external environment of man. Dhoopana is a method by which drugs of herbal, herbo-mineral or animal origin are used for fumigation. Herbs belonging to Plant origin possess kushthahara krimihara and kandughna properties, Animal products like horn, hair, nails etc. have also been used for fumigation and Mineral like sulphur compound viz, Hartal (Arsenic trisulphide) and Manashila (Arsenic disulphide) have been used as a disinfectant for Dhoopa Chikitsa or medicinal fumigation therapy. The nose is the best route for the administration of drugs to the patient. Dhoopan Chikitsa is very easy to administer, and it can fumigate the environment also.

EFFECT OF 1-BUTYL-3-METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM TRICYANOMETHANE IN EXTRACTIVE DESULPHURIZATION PROCESS ON MODEL OIL

Driven by regulatory requirements to reduce the content of sulphur in fuels, the demand to find an alternative process to hydrodesulphurization is on the rise. In this study, experiments were conducted for the removal of sulphur compound (present as benzothiophene or BT) with concentration of 2000 ppm in the model oil (present as n-dodecane or n-C12) using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethane ([bmim][TCM]) as the extractant. The effects of stirring speed, extraction time and water content on the extraction efficiency were investigated. In the end, the loading factor of the [bmim][TCM] is also discussed where it can be concluded that, more than one mole of [bmim][TCM] may interacted with one mole of BT during extractive desulphurization process.