Including Trans Women Athletes in Competitive Sport

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Ivy ◽  
Aryn Conrad ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Women Athletes ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Competitive Sport ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
Physical Trait

In this paper, we examine the scientific, legal, and ethical foundations for inclusion of transgender women athletes in competitive sport, drawing on IOC principles and relevant Court of Arbitration for Sport decisions. We argue that the inclusion of trans athletes in competition commensurate with their legal gender is the most consistent position with these principles of fair and equitable sport. Biological restrictions, such as endogenous testosterone limits, are not consistent with IOC and CAS principles. We explore the implications for recognizing that endogenous testosterone values are a ‘natural physical trait’ and that excluding legally recognized women for high endogenous testosterone values constitutes discrimination on the basis of a natural physical trait. We suggest that the justificatory burden for such prima facie discrimination is unlikely to be met. Thus, in place of a limit on endogenous testosterone for women (whether cisgender, transgender, or intersex), we argue that ‘legally recognized gender’ is most fully in line with IOC and CAS principles.

scholarly journals Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Infection in Cisgender and Transgender Women in the U.S.: A Narrative Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleta Baldwin ◽  
Brenda Light ◽  
Waridibo E. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The U.S

AbstractUsing a socioecological approach, this review describes the peer-reviewed literature on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among both cisgender (cis women) and transgender women (trans women) in the U.S. A search of the PubMed database and HIV-related conference abstracts generated over 2,200 articles and abstracts. Of these, 103 fulfilled review inclusion criteria. Most of the existing research presents findings on individual-level factors associated with PrEP use such as willingness and perceived barriers. There was far less investigation of factors related to PrEP at more distal ecological levels. Though trans women are at greater risk of HIV infection than cisgender women, less is known about this population group with respect to PrEP despite their inclusion in many major clinical trials. Further, the literature is characterized by a persistent conflation of sex and gender which makes it difficult to accurately assess the reviewed research on HIV prevention and PrEP apart from risk group. Informed by these findings, we highlight specific opportunities to improve access to PrEP and reduce socioecological barriers to PrEP care engagement for cisgender and transgender women.

High HIV prevalence among transgender women in Paraguay

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (13) ◽  
pp. 1308-1314
Author(s):  
Gloria Aguilar ◽  
Tania Samudio ◽  
Gladys Lopez ◽  
Liliana Jimenez ◽  
Erin C Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Trans Women

Transgender women have been understudied and underserved in Paraguay; data are urgently needed to understand their HIV prevention and care needs. To estimate HIV prevalence and related risk and preventive behaviors among trans women in Paraguay, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2017. We employed starfish sampling – a hybrid venue-based and peer-referral method combining recruitment at randomly sampled venues and randomly selected clients from program lists, followed by short-chain referrals of eligible peers. Among 304 trans women enrolled, HIV prevalence was 24.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 18.5–31.2%), with risk increasing with age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.06 per year, 95% CI 1.03–1.10), residence in Asunción department (AOR 4.75, 95% CI 1.57–14.36), and cocaine use (AOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.11–3.95). Trans women in Paraguay need to be prioritized for interventions with high HIV prevention efficacy. Substance use interventions to address cocaine use may also yield prevention benefits for trans women in our context.

scholarly journals Physical and Sociodemographic Features Associated With Quality of Life Among Transgender Women and Men Using Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliane D. Silva ◽  
Tayane M. Fighera ◽  
Roberta M. Allgayer ◽  
Maria Inês R. Lobato ◽  
Poli Mara Spritzer
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
Body Hair ◽  
Trans Men ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Trans Women

Background: Gender dysphoria is defined as a feeling of distress resulting from the incongruence between the sex assigned at birth and the gender identity, lasting longer than 6 months. In individuals with gender dysphoria, gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) may improve quality of life (QoL).Objectives: We aimed to assess perceived QoL, to compare QoL scores between trans women and men and to identify possible contributing factors related to GAHT in a sample of transgender women and transgender men.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, transgender women and men were recruited by availability sampling from a national transgender health service. Individuals over 18 years old with a confirmed diagnosis of gender dysphoria receiving medically prescribed GAHT for at least 6 months were consecutively included. Also included were trans men who had undergone mastectomy and trans women who had received breast augmentation surgery. Individuals who had undergone gender affirmation surgery (specifically genital surgery) or with uncontrolled clinical/psychiatric conditions at the time of the initial assessment were excluded. Sociodemographic, physical, and hormone data were collected from all participants. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to evaluate QoL. A total of 135 transgender individuals were invited. Seventeen individuals with previous genital surgery (12.6%) and five who refused to participate (3.7%) were excluded. Therefore, 113 patients were enrolled and completed the study (60 trans women and 53 trans men).Results: QoL scores did not differ between trans women and trans men. In trans women, greater breast development and stable relationships, and higher body mass index were associated with higher QoL domain scores. In trans men, higher domain scores were found in individuals in a stable relationship, with increased body hair, engaging in physical activity, and being employed.Conclusion: Data from this study suggest that GAHT-related physical characteristics, such as breast development in trans women and increased body hair in trans men, are similar between groups, are associated with higher QoL scores, and that sociodemographic parameters may impact these associations. Healthcare providers might consider these factors when planning interventions to improve QoL in transgender individuals.

scholarly journals Text Messaging to Improve Linkage, Retention, and Health Outcomes among HIV-positive Young Transgender Women: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (Text Me, Girl!) (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy J. Reback ◽  
Jesse B. Fletcher ◽  
Anne E. Fehrenbacher ◽  
Kimberly Kisler
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Text Messaging ◽  
Text Message ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Hiv Care Continuum ◽  
Care Continuum ◽  
Intervention Delivery ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
Living With Hiv

BACKGROUND Many transgender women in the U.S. experience numerous cofactors for HIV acquisition and transmission, including increased rates of homelessness, alcohol and drug use, high rates of sex work, as well as non-prescribed hormone injections and/or medically unsupervised soft-tissue filler injections, HIV risk factors specific to this population. In addition, trans women face discrimination and social/economic marginalization more intense and deleterious than that experienced by lesbian, gay, or bisexual individuals, further worsening health outcomes. Although little research has been done specifically on young trans women under the age of 35 years old, existing evidence suggests even further elevated rates of homelessness, substance use, and engagement in HIV transmission risk behaviors relative to their older trans women and non-trans young adult counterparts. Young trans women living with HIV experience a range of barriers that challenge their ability to be successfully linked and retained in HIV care. OBJECTIVE Text Me, Girl! was a randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a 90-day, theory-based, transgender-specific, text-messaging intervention designed to improve HIV-related health outcomes along the HIV Care Continuum among young (18 to 34 years) transgender women (N=130) living with HIV/AIDS. METHODS Participants were randomized into either Group A) Immediate Text Message Intervention Delivery (ID: n=61); or, Group B) Delayed Text Message Intervention Delivery (DD: n=69) whereby participants were delivered the text-messaging intervention after a 90-day delay period. Over the course of the 90-day intervention, participants received 270 theory-based text messages that were targeted, tailored, and personalized specifically for young transgender women living with HIV. Participants received three messages per day in real-time within a 10-hour gradual and automated delivery system. The text-message content was scripted along the HIV Care Continuum and based on Social Support Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, and Health Belief Model. The desired outcome of Text Me, Girl! was virological suppression. RESULTS Recruitment began on November 18, 2016 and the first participant was enrolled on December 16, 2016; enrollment closed on May 31, 2018. Intervention delivery ended on November 30, 2018, and follow-up evaluations concluded on August 31, 2019. Primary outcome analyses began immediately following the conclusion of the follow-up evaluations. CONCLUSIONS Text messaging is the ideal communication platform for engaging young trans women in HIV care because it is easily accessible, private, portable, and inexpensive. Text Me, Girl! aimed to improve HIV Care Continuum outcomes among young trans women by providing culturally responsive text messages to promote linkage, retention, and adherence with the ultimate goal of achieving viral suppression. The Text Me, Girl! text message library is readily scalable and can be adapted for other hard-to-reach populations.

“I Am Not a Hijra”: Class, Respectability, and the Emergence of the “New” Transgender Woman in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-647
Author(s):  
Liz Mount
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Gender Nonconformity ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Media Representations ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Trans Women

This article examines the mutual imbrication of gender and class that shapes how some transgender women seek incorporation into social hierarchies in postcolonial India. Existing literature demonstrates an association between transgender and middle-class-status in the global South. Through an 18-month ethnographic study in Bangalore from 2009 through 2016 with transgender women, NGO (nongovernmental organization) workers and activists, as well as textual analyses of media representations, I draw on “new woman” archetypes to argue that the discourses of empowerment and respectability that impacted middle-class cisgender women in late colonial, postcolonial and liberalized India also impact how trans women narrate their struggles and newfound opportunities. Trans woman identities are often juxtaposed to the identities of hijras, a recognized (yet socially marginal) group of working-class male-assigned gender-nonconforming people. Instead of challenging stereotypes of gender nonconformity most evident in the marginalization of hijras, some transgender women are at pains to highlight their difference from hijras. These trans women are from working-class backgrounds. It is partly their similarities in class location that propel trans women’s efforts to distinguish themselves from hijras. They employ the figure of the disreputable hijra to contain negative stereotypes associated with gender nonconformity, thus positioning their identities in proximity with middle-class respectable womanhood.

The Shape of Angels' Teeth

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marquis Bey
Keyword(s):  
Transgender Women ◽  
Black Feminist Thought ◽  
Black Feminist ◽  
Gender Variant ◽  
Feminist Thought ◽  
Trans Studies ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
Racialized Gender

This essay argues for a productive alliance between trans feminism, trans studies, and black feminist thought (BFT) to articulate a black feminist mode of activism that takes seriously the epistemologies of black trans women. Ultimately this essay critiques BFT's cisgender normativity and offers a more inclusive imagining of BFT, referred to as blacktransfeminist thought (BTFT). To illustrate the scholarly significance of BTFT, I draw upon the ontological invalidation of black trans lives in the #BlackLivesMatter movement. #BlackLivesMatter is situated as (1) an exemplar of how black transgender women are commonly excluded from activist discourses, and (2) an opportunity to theorize the utility of BTFT as it relates to racialized gender variant lives and deaths.

scholarly journals Konstruksi Masyarakat Jawa Kuno terhadap Transgender Perempuan pada Abad ke 9-14 M

AMERTA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Muhamad Alnoza ◽  
Dian Sulistyowati
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
The Past ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
The World ◽  
Bisexual And Transgender ◽  
Human World ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
Important Position

Abstract. The Construction of Ancient Java Community Towards Transgender Women in The 9th-14th Centuries. Transwomen in Indonesia are easily recognized by one's physical appearance. The survey stated that 89.3% of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) groups have experienced discrimination and violence. The views of the Indonesian people towards transgender women today are influenced by the perspectives and constructions of society in the past. This paper is to reconstruct how the perspective of the ancient Javanese society towards trans women. Thepurpose of this research is to find the origin of the current Indonesian people's view of transgender women from past references. This study uses a descriptive analysis approach through the stages of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. It can be seen that the construction of society during the Javanese era considered transgender people as a group of people with disabilities. In addition to these constructions, for the royal group, trans women are part of the king's servants who have magical and political powers. Thus, trans women had an important position and privileges in the ancient Javanese kingdom. The position of transgender women can also be understood as an archipelago tradition, which places transwomen as a link between the human world and the world of gods, as can be found in bissu in South Sulawesi. Abstrak. Golongan transpuan di Indonesia mudah dikenali melalui penampilan fisik seseorang. Survei menyebutkan bahwa 89,3% kelompok LGBT (lesbian, gay, biseksual, dan transgender) telah mengalami diskriminasi dan kekerasan. Pandangan masyarakat Indonesia terhadap transpuan dewasa ini dipengaruhi oleh perspektif dan konstruksi masyarakat pada masa lalu. Tulisan ini dimaksudkan untuk merekonstruksi bagaimana perspektif masyarakat Jawa Kuno terhadap transpuan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mencari permulaan pandangan masyarakat Indonesia saat ini terhadap transpuan dari referensi masa lampau. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskripsi analisis melalui tahap pengumpulan data, analisis, dan interpretasi. Dapat diketahui bahwa konstruksi masyarakat pada masa Jawa Kuno menganggap transpuan sebagai golongan disabilitas. Di samping konstruksi tersebut, bagi golongan kerajaan, transpuan merupakan bagian dari abdi raja yang memiliki kekuatan magis dan politis. Dengan demikian, transpuan memiliki posisi yang penting dan hak-hak istimewa dalam kerajaan zaman Jawa Kuno. Posisi transpuan tersebut juga dapat dipahami sebagai suatu tradisi khas Nusantara, yang menempatkan transpuan sebagai penghubung dunia manusia dan dunia dewa, sebagaimana dapat dijumpai pula pada bissu di Sulawesi Selatan.

scholarly journals A Sexual Health Promotion App for Transgender Women (Trans Women Connected): Development and Usability Study

10.2196/15888 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. e15888
Author(s):  
Christina J Sun ◽  
Kirsten M Anderson ◽  
Tamara Kuhn ◽  
Liat Mayer ◽  
Charles H Klein
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Formative Research ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Advisory Panel ◽  
Online Social Support ◽  
Prototype Development ◽  
Trans Women

Background HIV severely impacts the transgender communities in the United States, and transgender women have the highest HIV incidence rates among any identified risk group. Guided by formative research with transgender women and by an expert advisory panel of transgender women, we designed a prototype mobile app to promote HIV prevention among transgender women. Objective This study aimed to develop and test the usability and acceptability of the prototype Trans Women Connected mobile app. Methods We engaged in a 3-phase prototype development process. After conducting formative research about the health needs of this population, we outlined a theory-based app framework and developed three prototype activities (ie, a vision board, a pre-exposure prophylaxis [PrEP] education activity, and an interactive map). We then tested the usability and acceptability of the mobile app and activities with 16 transgender women using pre- and posttests, think-aloud protocols, and open-ended questions. Results Participants reported high acceptability for the mobile app; the mean rating across all usability and likability questions was 5.9 out of 7. Service utilization intention, goal setting, and social support increased at posttest compared with pretest. Increases in self-efficacy in finding lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer–friendly services; intention to seek online social support; and PrEP knowledge were statistically significant. Participants described the app as attractive and useful and perceived all three activities positively. Conclusions This study describes the development and usability and acceptability evaluation of a prototype mobile app designed for and with transgender women for HIV prevention. The usability testing findings provided important insights toward refining and the further development of the Trans Women Connected mobile app. The results suggest that a mobile health intervention can support positive changes. The remaining development and efficacy randomized trial of the Trans Women Connected mobile app is currently underway.

scholarly journals Physical and Sociodemographic Features Associated With Quality of Life in Transgender Individuals Using Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A794-A795
Author(s):  
Eliane Dias Da Silva ◽  
Tayane Muniz Fighera ◽  
Roberta Martins Costa Moreira Allgayer ◽  
Maria Inês Rodrigues Lobato ◽  
Poli Mara Spritzer
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Genital Surgery ◽  
Trans Men ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Trans Women

Abstract Background: Gender dysphoria is defined as a feeling of distress resulting from the incongruence between the gender assigned at birth and the identity gender and lasting longer than 6 months. In individuals with gender dysphoria, gender-affirming hormone therapy(GAHT) may improve quality of life (QoL). Objectives: Here, we aimed to assess perceived QoL and possible contributing factors in a sample of transgender women and transgender men using GAHT. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, transgender women and men were recruited by availability sampling from a national transgender health service. Individuals over 18 years old with a confirmed diagnosis of gender dysphoria receiving medically prescribed GAHT for at least 6 months were consecutively included. Also included were trans men who had undergone mastectomy and trans women who had received breast augmentation surgery. Individuals who had undergone gender affirmation surgery (specifically genital surgery) or with uncontrolled clinical/psychiatric conditions at the time of the initial assessment were excluded. Sociodemographic, physical, and hormone data were collected from all participants. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to evaluate QoL. A total of 135 transgender individuals were invited. Seventeen individuals with previous genital surgery (12.6%) and five who refused to participate (3.7%) were excluded. Therefore, 113 patients were enrolled in the study (60 trans women and 53 trans men). Results: There was no significant difference in QoLbetween the groups. In trans women, greater breast development and stable relationships, and higher body mass index were associated with higher QoLdomain scores. In trans men, higher domain scores were found in individuals with a stable relationship, increased body hair, physical activity practice, and being employed. Conclusion: Data from this study suggest that GAHT-related physical characteristics are associated with higher QoLscores, and that sociodemographic parameters may impact these associations. Healthcare providers might consider these factors when planning interventions to improve QoLin transgender individuals.

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