Analysis of Induced Voltage on Pipeline Located Close to Parallel Distribution System

Gas and oil pipelines are widely used to supply customers. They are often laid in parallel with high voltage power lines, sharing right of way. When the pipeline is located near overhead high-voltage power, corrosion caused by induced voltages from AC power lines can occur in utility pipelines. Therefore, the calculation of induced voltage is always required for both interference and maintenance workers as well as pipeline facility safety. For parallel distribution lines, the calculation method for the induced voltage is not suitable due to the excessive error caused by using the screening factors of the neutral current. For a more practical analysis of the induced voltage, a new analysis is needed using the actual neutral current and which also considers the overhead ground conductor and the neutral conductor. This paper analyzed the induced voltage from a parallel distribution system using Carson’s formula and vector analysis. Simulation analysis results are verified by separate Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) simulation.

Clearing Break Points of Overcurrent Protection Coordination for Parallel Distribution Feeder

This paper presents a modified overcurrent protection system to overcome the break points of a parallel distribution feeder protection. For realizing an appropriate protection setting, two concepts are introduced, and their performance is evaluated. These concepts are the adaptive coordination exploiting smart grid information and the modified coordination methods. The modified coordination is adjusted with changing of the contemporary worst fault point. A comparative study is done between the adaptive, modified, and conventional coordination concepts. For investigation purposes, a 11 kV distribution feeder is modelled using the Matlab/Simulink package. The results provide evidence of the efficacy of the proposed modified coordination concept for parallel distribution feeders.

Can the early stage copepad (Copepodites and Naupliies) abundance play important role on the fatty acid composition of Sagitta setosa (Chaetognatha) in the Southeastern Black Sea?

In this study, the relationship between the fatty acid composition, abundance of carnivore Sagitta setosa (S. setosa) and total copepod abundance (copepodites and nauplii) which are the main diets of S. setosa was investigated. Sampling was conducted monthly during a year. During the sampling period, S. setosa and the total the copepod abundance showed a parallel distribution until November. Average total lipid was at the highest with 3% in spring and autumn, while the lowest was 2% in winter and summer. While DHA/EPA ratio (2.23) as carnivory index in S. setosa and the total copepod (copepodites and nauplii) abundance (1375 ind/m3) were at the highest in winter, but another carnivory index, 18:1ω9/18:1ω7 ratio did not show a parallel increase with copepod abundance. However, 18:1ω9 which increases the carnivory index, is among the main fatty acids in S. setosa. This might be indicated that S. setosa does not related to predation on the copepods, but it shows that feeding in a carnivorous style. Additionally, the herbivory index ∑ n-3/∑ n-6 ratio was detected in spring and autumn at the highest level. Consequently, although there is no direct effect between the copepod abundance and S. setosa fatty acids, it is possible an indirect effect.

A Contrastive Analysis of Interpersonal Function Between the Chinese and English Versions of The Sight of Father’s Back

As a reminiscent prose, The Sight of Father’s Back was written by the modern writer, Zhu Ziqing, in 1925. A wave of warm current floods a large body of readers since this essay describes, in earnest, love of father. This research performs a contrastive analysis of interpersonal function between the Chinese and English versions of The Sight of Father’s Back in terms of mood, modality, and evaluation meanings. We find that mood and evaluation meanings display parallel distribution. Declarative and exclamatory moods occur most frequently in both the Chinese and English versions, whereas interrogative mood is at a premium. Besides, various evaluative adjectives and adverbs are used in both versions. However, modality shows remarkable discrepancies. The English version tends to adopt modal verbs with median-and-low value, while most median-and-high value modal verbs are presented in the Chinese version. In our view, the exercise of median-and-high value modal verbs reflects the thoughts more directly. While the selection of median-and-low value modal verbs might be concerned with the need for politeness. Besides, diverse choices of modal verbs are incident to various modal meanings along with research purposes.