SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL EVALUATION OF SOME NEW BENZTHIAZOLE OXIME ETHER DERIVATIVES

Some new oxime ether derivatives containing benzthiazole heterocyclic nuclei are synthesized. The reaction of 2-mercapto benzthiazole with α-halo ketones followed by reaction with hydroxylamine gave oxime derivatives which on reaction with alkyl halides viz. ethyl chloride, n-propyl chloride, and n-butyl chloride in absolute ethanol afforded the target compounds 4a-l. The structure of all the synthesized compounds was confirmed by spectroscopic methods like mass and NMR. All compounds after structural confirmation were tested for biological activities.

Acute and chronic toxicity of ethyl chloride insufflation in two patients

Objective: Inhalant abuse has been a source of increasing concern because of its easy accessibility and affordability. Anecdotal reports have previously described ethyl chloride as a potential cause of altered mental state and neurologic symptoms. Its use has been thought to be found most often in adolescents and among men who have sex with men. Common acute symptoms include confusion, dizziness, headache, nausea, and fatigue. We describe two cases of adult patients who presented to one general hospital emergency department with ethyl chloride toxicity. The first presented with acute delirium; the second with a picture of chronic neurological symptomatology. It is important that clinicians become familiar with ethyl chloride intoxication because of its prevalence and potential to present with varying acute and chronic symptomatology.

Inhalant Abuse of Ethyl Chloride Spray: A Case Report

Ethyl chloride spray, which is usually used to relieve pain after injuries, is increasingly being used as a sniffing alternative. The number of people using this is rising due to its easy availability, cost-effectiveness and legality. The high lipid solubility of ethyl chloride leads to a rapid absorption of it in the lungs. However, data on the biotransformation of ethyl chloride in humans are sparse. We present the case of a 53-year-old male who had been inhaling ethyl chloride up to 3 times a week since 25 years, and describe his symptoms and the circumstances of abuse. This should help raise awareness of this issue so that abuse can be recognized early and rapid action taken.

Comparison of the Effectiveness between 5% Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetic Cream and Ethyl Chloride Spray Applied on the Skin Prior to Intravenous Cannulation

Background: Since the patients scheduled for an endoscopic procedure had been unhappy with pain during intravenous cannulation. Objective: To compare the effectiveness between 5% eutectic mixture of local anesthetic cream and ethyl chloride spray applied on the skin prior to the procedure. Materials and Methods: One hundred eighty-six patients were randomized equally into three groups, A: 5% eutectic mixture of local anesthetic cream, B: ethyl chloride spray, and C: placebo. Then a nurse used a 22-gauge (22G) needle catheter to administer a cannula. Five minutes after the intravenous cannulation, a co-researcher assessed the patient’s pain perception and satisfaction as well as the nurse’s difficulty in performance by means of a numeric rating scale. Results: One hundred seventy-six patients completed the present study. Participants having the anesthetic cream and spray application as well as the placebo expressed their pain scores as 1.7±1.3, 1.6±1.2, and 2.2±1.3, respectively. Therefore, patients applied with local anesthetics had significantly less pain perception than those with the placebo (p=0.039); however, scores were not different between the anesthetic cream and the spray groups. Conclusion: Patients scheduled for an endoscopic procedure did not showed significant pain relief with either the 5% eutectic mixture of local anesthetic cream or the ethyl chloride spray. Keywords: 5% eutectic mixture of local anesthetic cream, Ethyl chloride spray, Endoscopic surgery, Intravenous cannulation, Pain

83 Evaluation of transmammary-delivered firocoxib and an ethyl chloride spray to mitigate pain associated with processing procedures in piglets

Piglets raised in commercial production systems in the U.S. undergo painful management procedures, including surgical castration, tail docking and ear notching, without analgesia or anesthesia provision for pain relief. This is a significant animal welfare concern. There is an immediate need to identify the most practical and effective analgesia or anesthesia option for use on-farm. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of 2.0mg/kg firocoxib, administered to the sow and delivered transmammary to her piglets, and a vapocoolant spray (ethyl chloride) to reduce processing pain. Five-day old male and female Yorkshire-cross piglets were used. 2.0mg/kg firocoxib was administered to the sow intramuscularly 7h prior to processing piglets. An ethyl chloride spray was applied to the ears, tail and scrotum of the piglets immediately before ear notching, tail docking and surgical castration, respectively. Piglets were assigned to one of four treatment groups: firocoxib and vapocoolant spray (FV; n=32), firocoxib only (F; n=32), vapocoolant spray only (V; n=32), no treatment (CON; n=32). The observation period was from 24h pre- to 48h post-processing (specific time points = baseline, 0h, 1h, 2h, 4h, 7h, 24h, 30h, 36h, 48h). Preliminary results found piglets displayed significantly more pain-related behaviors at 24h and 30h post-processing than at most other time points (p< 0.05). Piglets had significantly higher cranial temperatures at 7h post-processing than all other time points (p< 0.05). There was a trend in FV and F piglets having a higher cranial temperature at 36h post-processing compared to V and CON piglets (p=0.08). All piglets had significantly higher hair cortisol levels at 4 vs 20-days old (p< .0001); however, there were no significant treatment effects on cranial temperature, hair cortisol or pain behavior, suggesting firocoxib and the ethyl chloride spray were unable to significantly reduce piglet pain post-processing. Further study analysis is needed to confirm these initial findings.

Comparative Study of Ketoprofen and Ethyl Chloride With Two Different Steroids for Management of Pain in Injury of Athletes

Ketoprofen belongs to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which has better results in pain management with combination of steroid and anesthetic drug. In this study compression of two combination had been observed.