Inhalant Abuse of Ethyl Chloride Spray: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Hager ◽  
Felicia Kamp ◽  
Lisa Proebstl ◽  
Nina Behle ◽  
Oliver Pogarell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Ethyl Chloride ◽  
Lipid Solubility ◽  
Inhalant Abuse ◽  
Rapid Absorption ◽  
Rapid Action ◽  
Relieve Pain ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
High Lipid Solubility

AbstractEthyl chloride spray, which is usually used to relieve pain after injuries, is increasingly being used as a sniffing alternative. The number of people using this is rising due to its easy availability, cost-effectiveness and legality. The high lipid solubility of ethyl chloride leads to a rapid absorption of it in the lungs. However, data on the biotransformation of ethyl chloride in humans are sparse. We present the case of a 53-year-old male who had been inhaling ethyl chloride up to 3 times a week since 25 years, and describe his symptoms and the circumstances of abuse. This should help raise awareness of this issue so that abuse can be recognized early and rapid action taken.

scholarly journals Novel Facet of an Old Dietary Molecule? Direct Influence of Caffeine on Glucose and Biogenic Amine Handling by Human Adipocytes

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3831
Author(s):  
Wiem Haj Ahmed ◽  
Nathalie Boulet ◽  
Anaïs Briot ◽  
Barry J. Ryan ◽  
Gemma K. Kinsella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Amine Oxidase ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Solubility ◽  
Human Adipocytes ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Amine Oxidation ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Lipid Solubility

Caffeine is a plant alkaloid present in food and beverages consumed worldwide. It has high lipid solubility with recognized actions in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues, notably the adipose depots. However, the literature is scant regarding caffeine’s influence on adipocyte functions other than lipolysis, such as glucose incorporation into lipids (lipogenesis) and amine oxidation. The objective of this study was to explore the direct effects of caffeine and of isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) on these adipocyte functions. Glucose transport into fat cells freshly isolated from mice, rats, or humans was monitored by determining [3H]-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake, while the incorporation of radiolabeled glucose into cell lipids was used as an index of lipogenic activity. Oxidation of benzylamine by primary amine oxidase (PrAO) was inhibited by increasing doses of caffeine in human adipose tissue preparations with an inhibition constant (Ki) in the millimolar range. Caffeine inhibited basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport as well as lipogenesis in rodent adipose cells. The antilipogenic action of caffeine was also observed in adipocytes from mice genetically invalidated for PrAO activity, indicating that PrAO activity was not required for lipogenesis inhibition. These caffeine inhibitory properties were extended to human adipocytes: relative to basal 2-DG uptake, set at 1.0 ± 0.2 for 6 individuals, 0.1 mM caffeine tended to reduce uptake to 0.83 ± 0.08. Insulin increased uptake by 3.86 ± 1.11 fold when tested alone at 100 nM, and by 3.21 ± 0.80 when combined with caffeine. Our results reinforce the recommendation of caffeine’s potential in the treatment or prevention of obesity complications.

A Case of Acute Poisoning with Fenitrothion (Sumithion)

1987 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yoshida ◽  
E. Shimada ◽  
S. Yamanaka ◽  
H. Aoyama ◽  
Y. Yamamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Insufficiency ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Lipid Solubility ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
High Lipid Solubility

A 56-year-old male attempted suicide by ingestion of about 60 ml of 50% fenitrothion (Sumithion) emulsion. Five hours later, combined hemoperfusion and hemodialysis (HP-HD) treatment was performed for 60 min and consequently the toxic symptoms improved gradually. However, cholinergic symptoms recurred 4 days after ingestion. Although HP-HD was immediately performed for 180 min, it had no effect on the clinical symptoms. He died of respiratory insufficiency 6 days after the ingestion of fenitrothion. Fenitrothion concentration in the organs and tissues showed the highest values in the fat tissue, followed in decreasing order by the pancreas, muscle, lung and brain. The results indicate that fenitrothion has high lipid solubility and deposits in the fat tissue. Furthermore, we believe that when HP-HD therapy is used in the treatment of acute insecticide poisoning it is important that it be performed continuously and in as early a stage as possible.

Organochlorine Pesticides

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-63
Author(s):  
Garima Harit
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Lipid Solubility ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
High Lipid Solubility ◽  
Great Danger

Indiscriminate use of different pesticides in agriculture has increased over the years, especially in the developing countries. This influences the aquatic environment to a great extent. This also poses a great danger to freshwater organisms, including fish, which constitute a major share in the aquatic environment and contribute to the economy of the nation. Water pollution is posing intricate problems that need immediate redress. Organo-chlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a major contributor to aquatic pollution and are amongst the most serious global contaminants. In addition, organochlorine pesticides have a tendency to accumulate in aquatic biota; they also undergo food chain amplification. Lipophilic pollutants are chemically very stable and resistant to microbial, photochemical, chemical, and thermal degradation. The chemical stability of these compounds, their high lipid solubility, and their toxicity to human beings and animals has led government and researchers to feel concerned about their presence in the environment.

Rapid passage of organic anions into human red cells

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis S. Schanker ◽  
Jean M. Johnson ◽  
John J. Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Organic Anions ◽  
Sulfanilic Acid ◽  
Lipid Solubility ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Sulfosalicylic Acid ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Intracellular Binding ◽  
The Times ◽  
High Lipid Solubility

The rates at which organic acids penetrate the human red cell suspended in Tyrode's solution are roughly related to the lipid-to-water partition coefficients of the compounds measured at pH 7.4 using chloroform as a lipidlike solvent. Phenol, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, 5-nitrosalicylic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, and salicylic acid, compounds of relatively high lipid solubility, become equilibrated between the cells and suspending medium in less than 5 min. Phenol red, sulfosalicylic acid, sulfanilic acid, hippuric acid, and p-aminohippuric acid, compounds of lower lipid solubility, become equilibrated more slowly, the times ranging from 1 to more than 7 hr. Measurements of the intracellular binding of phenol red and sulfosalicylic acid indicate that the unbound anions are distributed across the cell membrane according to a Donnan equilibrium. Organic anions enter the cell much more rapidly than do organic cations of a similar low lipid solubility. The preferential permeability toward anions is considered in terms of various models of the cell membrane, and a mechanism for anion penetration is suggested.

β-adrenoceptor antagonists and nightmares: A pharmacoepidemiological–pharmacodynamic study

2021 ◽  
pp. 026988112110348
Author(s):  
Philippe Garcia ◽  
Jean-Louis Montastruc ◽  
Vanessa Rousseau ◽  
Jacques Hamard ◽  
Agnès Sommet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Case ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lipid Solubility ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Individual Case Safety Report ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Analysis ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
High Lipid Solubility

Aim: To compare different β-adrenoceptor antagonists for the risk of reporting nightmare. Methods: The study involved two approaches: first, we investigated in VigiBase®, the World Health Organization Individual Case Safety Report (ICSR) database, the disproportionality between exposure to each β-adrenoceptor antagonists and reports of nightmares between 1967 and 2019. Second, in a pharmacoepidemiological–pharmacodynamic analysis, we assessed whether use of β-adrenoceptor antagonists with moderate and high lipid solubility or strong 5-HT1A affinity were associated with an increased risk of reporting nightmares. We conducted multivariate logistic regression to estimate reporting odds ratios (RORs) of nightmares compared to all other adverse drug reactions. Results: Of the 126,964 reports recorded with β-adrenoceptor antagonists, 1138 (0.9%) were nightmares. The highest risk of reporting a nightmare was found with exposure of pindolol (adjusted ROR 2.82, 95%CI, 2.19–3.61), metoprolol (1.89, 1.66–2.16), and alprenolol (1.77, 1.06–2.97). Compared to use of low lipid solubility β-adrenoceptor antagonists, use of moderate or high lipid solubility β-adrenoceptor antagonists were significantly more associated with nightmare reports (aROR moderate vs. low 1.72, 95%CI 1.47–2.00 and aROR high vs. low 1.84, 95%CI 1.53–2.22). Use of moderate or high 5-HT1A affinity of β-adrenoceptor antagonists was associated with an increased ROR of nightmares compared with low 5-HT1A affinity of β-adrenoceptor antagonists (aROR moderate vs. low 1.22, 95%CI 1.04–1.43 and aROR high vs. low 2.46, 95%CI 1.93–3.13). Conclusion: In our large pharmacovigilance study, nightmares are more frequently reported for pindolol and metoprolol, and among β-adrenoceptor antagonists with high lipid solubility and high 5-HT1A receptor affinity.

Inflammation as a target of minocycline: special interest in the regulation of inflammasome signaling

Inflammasome ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu Kauppinen ◽  
Antero Salminen ◽  
Kai Kaarniranta
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Lipid Solubility ◽  
Intracellular Protein ◽  
Tissue Penetration ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
High Lipid Solubility ◽  
Better Than

AbstractMinocycline is a wide-spectrum antibiotic derived from tetracycline. In addition to its anti-microbial activity, minocycline is known to possess several immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties. Fewer severe side effects and more efficient tissue penetration make minocycline better than its parent tetracycline. Doxycycline competes with minocycline in improved biological half-life but minocycline becomes more rapidly absorbed in tissues than doxycycline. Due to its high lipid solubility, minocycline also crosses the blood-brain barrier easily, which increases its relevance in the treatment of diseases beyond the barriers. Inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes which become primed via NF-kB and MAPK pathways, and activated by various PAMPs and DAMPs. In this article, we hypothese about the capability of minocycline to regulate inflammasomes as part of its anti-inflammatory activity. The hypothesis is based on the ability of minocycline to regulate signals essential to both the priming and the activation of inflammasome signaling

The Hydrolysis of Ammonium Ions in Sea Water-a Theoretical Study

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Lipid Solubility ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Ionic Equilibria ◽  
Good Account ◽  
High Lipid Solubility ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A number of procedures are now available for calculating the effects of ionic inter-actions on the behaviour of solutions as complex as sea water (Whitfield, 1973 a). These procedures are able to give a good account of the properties of the major electrolyte components (Leyendekkers, 1973 a; Robinson & Wood, 1972; Whitfield, 19736) and of the colligative properties of sea water (Robinson & Wood, 1972; Whitfield, 1973 c, d). However, greatest interest centres around the possibility of predicting the effects of these major components on the multitude of ionic equilibria that influence the properties of the less abundant constituents that are of greater biological and geological importance. It is here that the newer approaches to marine chemistry are weakest because suitable thermodynamic data are lacking. One system of practical importance that can be studied using a variety of theoretical approaches is the acid ionization of ammonium ions represented by the equation The toxicity of ammonium salts to freshwater life has been shown to be strongly dependent on the pH in a manner that is consistent with un-ionized ammonia (NH3) being the most lethal fraction (see, for example, Wuhrmann & Woker, 1948; Downing & Merkens, 1955; Lloyd & Herbert, i960; Hemens, 1966; and Brown, 1968). These papers and many others have been thoroughly reviewed (EIFAC Technical Paper no. 11, 1970, Kemp, Abrams & Overbeck, 1971). The free base (NH3) has a relatively high lipid solubility because it carries no charge and is therefore able to diffuse quite readily across cell membranes (Fromm & Gillette, 1968).

scholarly journals Benzodiazepine Intoxication in a Neonate by Maternal Use in Pregnancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 106-108
Author(s):  
Bittmann S ◽  
◽  
Villalon G ◽  
Weissenstein A ◽  
Luchter E ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Lipid Solubility ◽  
Regular User ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
High Lipid Solubility ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
In Pregnancy

The abuse of benzodiazepines by pregnant women can cause intoxication in the neonate. Benzodiazepines can diffuse readily across the placenta to the fetus because of their high lipid solubility. After the sixth month of pregnancy, the loss of the cytotrophoblasts from the placenta further facilitates the transport of benzodiazepines across the placenta. They may persist for at least a week in pharmacologically active concentrations after administration of high dosages to the mother. We report about a floppy, drowsy and pulmonary impaired newborn delivered in the 36th week of gestation. The mother was a regular user of clorazepate, a long-acting benzodiazepine during pregnancy.

scholarly journals A rapid NAD+-linked assay for microsomal uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase of rat liver and some observations on substrate specificity of the enzyme

1975 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Mulder ◽  
A B van Doorn
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Lipid Solubility ◽  
Uridine Diphosphate ◽  
Microsomal Preparation ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Phenol Derivatives ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
High Conversion Rate ◽  
High Lipid Solubility

1. A new and rapid continuous assay of rat liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17) has been developed. It is based on measurement of UDP production from UDP-glucuronate during the glucuronidation reaction; UDP production was continuously measured by coupling it to the conversion of NADH into NAD+ through pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. This assay is independent of the acceptor substrate used; several findings confirm its applicability. 2. The glucuronidation rate of a series of phenol derivatives was determined with this assay, by using a Triton X-100-activated microsomal preparation as enzyme source. Conjugation of a series of nitrophenol derivatives was also investigated by the ‘classical’ assay (measurement of disappearance of the yellow colour of the nitrophenol during glucuronidation). The substrate with the highest conversion rate was 3-methyl-2-nitrophenol. 3. Both electron releasing and electron withdrawing ring substituents increased the glucuronidation rate of the phenol derivatives, as compared with phenol. 4. Lipid solubility seems important for determining the conversion rate: poorly lipid-soluble substrates were glucuronidated only at a low rate and high lipid solubility seems to be a prerequisite for high conversion rate. Glucuronidation of poorly lipid-soluble compounds may be limited by diffusion. 5. The consequences of these findings for the interpretation of studies on heterogeneity of the enzyme are discussed.

scholarly journals A Case of High Dose Metoprolol Poisoning; Case Report and Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
Metin Ocak ◽  
Halil Çetinkaya ◽  
Hüseyin Kesim
Keyword(s):  
High Dose ◽  
Lipid Solubility ◽  
Heart Failure Treatment ◽  
Adrenoceptor Antagonist ◽  
Poisoning Case ◽  
Failure Treatment ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Β Blocker ◽  
High Lipid Solubility

β-Blockers are prescribed by physicians for many medical reasons (hypertension, long-term prophylaxis of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stable heart failure treatment, cardiac arrhythmias, etc.). Although cases of β-blocker poisoning have a low rate of 0.9% among all poisoning cases, they have a high mortality rate. In β-blocker poisoning with high lipid solubility; seizures, respiratory depression, coma, resistant bradycardia-hypotension and shock may occur. Metoprolol, a type of β-blocker, is a selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonist with sympathomimetic effect. It is also reported that metoprolol is the 2nd most commonly prescribed β-blocker after bisoprolol all over the world. This article aims to present a case who took high-dose metoprolol for suicidal purposes and to examine metoprolol poisoning and its treatment in the light of current literature.

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