Article 28: The Right to Education

Abstract‘I would tell him to fix the lower income places where these schools are … because some of the schools the cafeteria do not serve proper food for the children at lunch time and stuff.’ (Latin America/Caribbean)

Methods for Assessing Willingness to Try and Vegetable Consumption among Children in Indigenous Early Childcare Settings: The FRESH Study

Food preferences begin in early childhood, and a child’s willingness to try (WTT) new vegetables is an important determinant of vegetable intake. Young children living in rural communities are at increased risk for food insecurity, which may limit exposure to and consumption opportunities for vegetables. This manuscript describes the validation of the Farfan-Ramirez WTT (FR-WTT) measure using baseline data from the FRESH study, a gardening intervention for Native American families with preschool-aged children in Osage Nation, Oklahoma. Individually weighed vegetable containers were prepared with six types of vegetables and ranch dip. Researchers presented children (n = 164; M = 4.3 years, SD = 0.8) with these vegetables preceding a snack- or lunch time and recorded the child’s FR-WTT for each vegetable using a 5-point scale, ranging from “did not remove food (0)” to “put food in mouth and swallowed (4)”. After the presentation period, contents were re-weighed to calculate vegetable consumption. Household parents/guardians completed the Child Food Neophobia Scale (CFNS) for their child. FR-WTT scores were positively correlated with consumption weights of all vegetables (r = 0.7613, p < 0.0001) and each vegetable individually (r = 0.2016–0.7664). The total FR-WTT score was inversely correlated with the CFNS score (r = 0.3268, p < 0.0001). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated similar relationships by BMI, food security, and age. In conclusion, the FR-WTT is a valid method for assessing young children’s vegetable eating behavior and intake.

The effect of dietary phosphorus load and food matrix on postprandial serum phosphate in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study

Background: Potential dietary strategies for controlling hyperphosphataemia include the use of protein sources with lower phosphorus bioavailability such as pulses and nuts, focus on phosphorus to protein ratios and the avoidance of all phosphate additives. Methods: We conducted a controlled crossover feeding study in 8 haemodialysis (HD) patients to investigate the acute postprandial effect of a modified versus standard low phosphorus diet for one day on serum phosphate, potassium and intact parathyroid levels in prevalent HD patients. Each participant consumed the modified diet on one day and the standard diet on a second day one week apart. The modified diet included beef and less dairy, with a lower phosphorus to protein ratio, as well as plant-based protein, whole grains, pulses and nuts containing phytates which reduces phosphorus bioavailability. Both diets were tailored for each participant to provide 1.1g protein/kg ideal body weight. Participants provided fasting bloods before breakfast, a pre-prandial sample before the lunch time main meal and samples at one-hour intervals for the four hours after the lunch time main meal, for analysis of phosphate, potassium and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH). Results: At four hours post the lunch time main meal on each study day, individuals on the modified diet had serum phosphate readings 0.30 mmol/l lower than when on the standard diet (p-value = 0.015, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.57, -0.04). The corresponding change in serum potassium at four hours was a decrease of 0.675 mmol/l (p-value = 0.011, CI -1.25, -0.10). Conclusions: Decreases in both serum phosphate and serum potassium readings on a modified low phosphorus diet encourage further larger studies to explore the possibility of greater food choice and healthier plant-based diets in HD patients. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT04845724 (15/04/2021)

Unboxing the bento box: An arts-informed inquiry into Japanese families’ experience at Canadian school lunch time

Bento, a Japanese style boxed lunch, has a distinct cultural meaning for Japanese people as a medium of affective communication between children and parents. However, in Canadian schools governed by the Anglo-Western food norms, their culinary practices may stand out. This study employed an arts-informed participatory design to explore how school-aged children (6-12 years old) of Japanese origin and their parents describe their experience bringing Japanese food to school in Canada. We conducted arts-informed workshops with 16 children who created artworks about their lunchboxes, and focus groups with 19 parents (all mothers). Children’s artworks illuminated a common aesthetics about “good” lunch that closely reflected mothers’ commitment to preparing nutritionally balanced and aesthetically appealing bento boxes. Both children and mothers reported that Canadian school food environment (e.g., short eating periods, snack times, built environment) sometimes misaligns with their food practices. Some families were compelled to modify their bento to accommodate children’s needs to fit in at school. Meantime, participants’ narratives indicate the prevalence of stigma toward “junk” food that may perpetuate food shaming at school. A more inclusive, diverse and culturally appropriate discussion on “healthy eating” at school can embrace children’s and their families’ intercultural food identities.

EP.TU.480Novel virtual near-peer surgical teaching for foundation doctors

Aims Studies have shown that new medical graduates feel unprepared for their role as clinicians. Courses and teachings have been cancelled due to COVID-19. Our aim was to assess demand for surgical teaching and provide a new surgical course delivered virtually to fill this gap. Methods FY1 doctors from a large teaching hospital were invited to fill in a questionnaire to assess their preparedness for surgical specialties and subsequent appetite for near-peer teaching. The findings were used to create a virtual surgical teaching course. A post-course questionnaire was distributed to assess the success of the course. Results Fifteen FY1 doctors completed the questionnaire. 73% (11) felt they had not had sufficient teaching on surgical specialties during medical school. 93% (14) felt they did not have sufficient teaching on managing surgical patients in foundation training. None felt ‘very confident’ managing patients peri-operatively. None felt ‘very confident’ managing surgical complications. 66.7% (10) and 53.3% (8) said they had not had any teaching from SHOs or SpRs respectively. Of those who had, 66.7% (4) and 85.7% (6) found it ‘very useful’. 100% (15) said they would be interested in surgical teaching delivered by CSTs. Twelve FY1 doctors completed the post-course feedback. 83% (10) found the course ‘extremely useful’ and relevant to their surgical ward based jobs. Conclusion FY1s are not confident in managing surgical patients on the wards. There is a demand for surgical teaching for FY1s. Virtual lunch-time teaching is an effective way to encourage and continue surgical teaching throughout the pandemic.

913 Near-Peer Teaching for Surgical Foundation Year Doctors During COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction Literature has shown near-peer teaching to be an effective method of improving learning. There is little data on surgical teaching initiatives of this kind. Nationally and locally, teaching sessions and courses have been cancelled due to the pandemic. A new surgical lunch-time virtual course was created to fill this gap. Method FY1 doctors from University Hospital Wales were invited to participate in a survey exploring the need and topics for surgical teaching. Results were used to create a surgical teaching course. Near-peer, core surgical trainees were recruited to teach. A post-course questionnaire was distributed to FY1 doctors who attended the teaching to assess the success of the course. Results 15 FY1 doctors completed the initial questionnaire. 33% (5) were currently on a surgical placement. 60% (9) had an upcoming surgical placement. 73% (11) felt they did not have sufficient teaching on surgical specialties during medical school. 93% (14) felt they did not have sufficient teaching on how to manage surgical patients as a FY1. 100% (15) responded they would be interested in surgical teaching delivered by core surgical trainees. Eight topics were suggested, and lunchtime sessions were created. Post-course feedback was completed by 12 FY1 doctors. 88% (10) of respondents found the course ‘extremely useful’ and relevant to their surgical jobs. Conclusions There is a demand for surgical teaching for FY1s. Near-peer education designed by FY1s and delivered by CSTs is an effective way for teaching relevant surgical knowledge. Lunch-time virtual teaching is a good way to continue teaching sessions through the pandemic.

Simulation of the Cooking Organic Aerosol Concentration Variability in an Urban Area

&lt;p&gt;Cooking operations can be an important fine PM source for urban areas. Cooking emissions are a source of pollution that has been often ignored and are not included or are seriously underestimated in urban emission inventories. However, several field studies in cities all over Europe suggest that cooking organic aerosol (COA) can be an important component of the total organic PM. In this study we propose and evaluate a methodology for the simulation of the COA concentration and its variability in space and time in an urban area. The city of Patras, the third biggest in Greece is used for this first application for a typical late summer period. The spatial distribution of COA emissions is based on the exact location of restaurants and grills, while the emissions on the meat consumption in Greece. We estimated COA emissions of 150 kg d&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; that corresponds to 0.6 g d&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; per person. The temporal distribution of COA was based on the known cooking times and the results of the past field studies in the area. Half of the daily COA is emitted during dinner time (21:00-0:00 LT), while approximately 25% during lunch time (13:00-16:00 LT). The COA is simulated using the Volatility Basis Set with a volatility distribution measured in the laboratory and is treated as semivolatile and reactive. The maximum average COA concentration during the simulation period is predicted to be 1.3 &amp;#956;g m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; in a mainly pedestrian area with a high density of restaurants. Peak hourly COA concentrations in this area exceed 10 &amp;#956;g m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; during several nights. The local production of secondary COA is predicted to be slow and it represents just a few percent of the total COA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Recreo organizado como estrategia para mejorar los niveles actividad física y condición física en adolescentes escolares (Organized recess as a strategy to improve physical activity levels and physical condition in adolescents)

El propósito del estudio fue identificar los efectos de una intervención durante recreos escolares sobre la condición física y actividad física en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos. Participaron 50 escolares voluntarios (27 chicas), con un promedio de 14,2 ± 1,3 años. Grupo control (n=21) y grupo intervención (n=29). Se realizaron actividades dirigidas en el patio del colegio durante los dos recreos de las mañanas por 12 semanas. Se evaluó el test de 20m ida-vuelta, dinamometría manual, composición corporal, cuestionario PAQ-A y acelerometría. El grupo intervención (GI), tuvo mejor nivel de actividad física que el grupo control (GC), durante los recreos, clase de Educación Física, hora de almuerzo y más pasos/día (p<0,05). En conclusión, la participación activa durante los recreos puede aumentar los minutos de actividad física moderada-vigorosa y mejorar la condición física cardiorrespiratoria. Abstract. The purpose of this project was to identify the effects of an intervention during school recesses on physical condition and physical activity in Chilean adolescents. Fifty volunteer students (27 girls) participated, with an average of 14.2 ± 1.3 years. Control group (n=21) and intervention group (n=29). Targeted activities were carried out in the schoolyard during the two recesses in the morning, for 12 weeks. Pre and post test, the 20m shuttle run test, manual dynamometry, body composition, PAQ-A questionnaire and accelerometry were evaluated. The intervention group (GI), had better levels of physical activity than the control group (GC), during recess, physical education class, lunch time and steps/day (p <0.05). In conclusion, the active participation during recesses can increase minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activity and improve cardiorespiratory fitness.